tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-75291261093843469542024-03-14T13:51:20.615+08:00Island of Pharmacistby : Irma Tristanti (http://jazztriiz.blogspot.com/)Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger71125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7529126109384346954.post-85824010377435643972014-11-11T16:10:00.001+08:002014-11-12T12:29:26.535+08:00Contoh : Flow Material Tablet Rifampisin Salut Film<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PT. Three </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pharm Industries</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span class="a"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Rifafil<sup>®</sup> Tablet Salut Film<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="a"><b><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">I.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b></span><!--[endif]--><span class="a"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">L</span></span><span class="a"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">ATAR BELAKANG PERUSAHAAN</span></span><span class="a"><b><span lang="IN" style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sejarah
Perusahaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PT. Three Pharm Industri berdiri pada tanggal 31 Juli
1989, yang bergerak dalam bidang perdagangan dalam negeri. Semula namanya adalah “<i>Byak Trans</i>”. Kemudian seiring berjalannya waktu industry
perdagangan Three Pharm meluaskan cakupan perusahaan hingga ke luar negeri.
Dengan melihat peluang pasar dalam bidang kesehatan sangatlah besar, pada tahun
2000 ThreePharm Industri memperluas bidang usahanya selain perdagangan dalam
dan luar negeri, juga sebagai industry manufaktur farmasi, barulah saat itu
nama “<i>Byak Trans</i>” digantikan menjadi
“Three Pharm”. Saat ini perusahaan dipimpin oleh anak pertama dari pemilik
perusahaan, Irma Tristanti. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gambar.1 Logo ThreePharm Industri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Arti
logo PT. Three Pharm:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Warna hijau di dalam menggambarkan perdagangan cakupan
dalam negeri.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Warna hijau di luar menggambarkan perdagangan cakupan
luar negeri. Jika digabung arti kedua warna hijau tersebut, menggambarkan salah satu visi kami yaitu, “Melindungi alam melalui alam”.
Artinya kami berusaha menjaga alam, dengan meperkecil volume limbah yang
dihasilkan, meskipun kami bukannlah Industri obat bahan alam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hijau, ramah lingkungan, modern.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Warna biru ditengah merupakan hubungan kerja sama
diantara keduanya kami yang kami dasari dengan kepercayaan dan kenyamanan.
Kepercayaan antara kami dan pelanggan (pelanggan). Kenyamanan yang timbul
sehingga terjalinnya kerjasama secara kontinyu. Kami m</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">engutamakan pelanggan sebagai mitra kerja</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bentuk dari logo merupakan 3 lingkaran yang disusun
dimana kami berharap kualitas perusahaan kami terus berkembang dan semakin
maju.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Angka 3 (tiga)
merupakan nama perusahaan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Disamping angka 3 (tiga) terdapat gambar yang bisa
diartikan dalam 2 hal:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">sebagai tangan yang sedang menangkap : perusahaan kami
berusaha menarik perhatian pelanggan dengan terus berinovasi dalam pengembangan
produk. Juga b</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">udaya berpikir out of the box, smart, dan kreatif untuk membangun
produk unggulan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Symbol 3 jari (1. Be Nature; 2. Behavior; 3. Believe)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Three Pharm</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(awalnya “Byak Trans”) </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">didirikan
dihadapan notaris berdasarkan akta tertanggal
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3 April 1989</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan baru
disahkan pada tanggal 3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jul</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">i </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1989</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">. Adapun surat-surat
yang telah dimiliki oleh perusahaan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ini</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Surat
Keterangan Domisili Perusahaan No.0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">X/03-04/1989 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> dari Kelurahan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Fandoi, Biak</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nomor
Pokok Wajib Pajak (NPWP) dari pihak Kantor Pelayanan Pajak Kota </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Biak</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> No. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">8-11/PP/X/1989</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanda
Terdaftar Perusahaan dari Departemen Perindustrian Republik Indonesia dengan
No. 0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">8</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">307</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">199</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">0</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> tanggal </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">8 November 1990</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Surat
Izin Usaha Perdagangan (SIUP) dari Departemen Perdagangan Republik Indonesia
dengan No. 12.950/0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">-1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">/P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1990</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> tanggal </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5 Desember 1990</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Three</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Pharm Industrie</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">juga telah terdaftar di
BPEN (Badan Pengembangan Ekspor Nasional) sebagai salah satu perusahaan
pengekspor Sediaan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Obat Jadi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> sejak tahun 200</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">. Setiap tiga bulan pihak BPEN melakukan
pengawasan dan pengambilan data kegiatan ekspor PT.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Three</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
Pharm Industri. Beberapa negara tujuan ekspor antara lain Singapura, Brunei
Darussalam, Malaysia, dan beberapa negara Asia Tenggara lainnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="a"><b><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0in;">B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b></span><!--[endif]--><span class="a"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> Lokasi, Bangunan, serta Sarana Penunjang<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Lokasi<span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Three</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Pharm Industries </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">terletak di kota Biak, Papua. Terletak strategis di
dekat pelabuhan. M</span><span class="a"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">enempati area seluas </span></span><span class="a"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">6</span></span><span class="a"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">0.000m<sup>2</sup></span></span><span class="a"><sup><span lang="IN" style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></sup></span><span class="a"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">dengan kawasan produksi seluas </span></span><span class="a"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">4</span></span><span class="a"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">0.000 m<sup>2</sup></span></span><span class="a"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Fasilitas
Pabrik</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dengan standar pabrik CPOB ( Standard
pabrik Farmasi ), maka fasilitas yang ada di </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Three Pharm</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Laboratorium
meliputi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Laboratorium
Instrumentasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Laboratorium
Farmakologi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Laboratorium Formulasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Laboratorium
Farmakognosi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Laboratorium Stabilitas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Laboratorium Kimia,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in 101.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">yang dilengkapi
peralatan HPLC (High Pressure Liquid Chromatography), GC ( Gas Chromatography )
dan TLC Scanner (Thin Layer Chromatography). Keseluruhan laboratorium tersebut
dibangun di atas lahan seluas 1200 m².<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 31.5pt 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">b. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengolahan
air limbah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">c. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perpustakaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 31.5pt 101.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">d. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Klinik
Holistik</span><span class="a"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Struktur Organisasi</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adapun struktur organisasi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Three</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Pharm Industries</span><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> oleh </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Direktur utama yang membawahi Manajer Marketing, Manajer
Keuangan, Manajer HRD, Manajer QA, dan Manajer Perencanaan. Manajer Perencanaan
membawahi Manajer Produksi, Manajer Teknisi, Manajer PPIC, Manajer QC, dan
Manajer R&D.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Diagram_x0020_1"
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gambar 2.
Struktur Organisasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Secara garis besar
masing-masing bagian dapat dijelaskan seperti berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1. Manajer Produksi, bertugas:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Merencana pelaksanaan proses produksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mengkoordinir masalah pengaturan tenaga di
bagian produksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bertanggung jawab penuh terhadap kegiatan
produksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">d)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Membuat laporan
pertanggungjawaban terhadap pimpinan produksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">e)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bekerjasama dengan unit lain dalam rangka
melaksanakan kegiatan produksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Manajer <i>Product
Planning Inventory Control </i>(PPIC)<i>, </i>bertanggung jawab untuk
merencanakan, mengatur dan mengontrol semua proses produksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3. Manajer <i>Quality
Assurance </i>(QA), bertanggung jawab dalam menjamin mutu produk. Tugas dari
Manajer QA :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bertanggung jawab terhadap seluruh kegiatan
pemeriksaan yang berlangsung dibagian produksi dan di laboratorium
mikrobiologi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Menganalisa hasil
pemeriksaan yang berlangsung di bagian produksi dan dilaboratorium
mikrobiologi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Membuat laporan hasil Analisa kepada Manajer
laboratorium.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">d)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Melakukan Pengawasan
internal di bagian produksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4. Manajer <i>Research and Development </i>(R
& D), bertanggung jawab dalam hal penelitian dan pengembangan produk. Tugas
dari Manajer R & D antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai koordinator dan bertanggung jawab penuh
terhadap seluruh kegiatanpenelitian dan pengembangan jamu dan obat yang
berlangsung di perusahaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -16.8pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Memeriksa semua
laporan-laporan yang diterima dari laboratorium untuk dibuat dan disampaikan
kepada pimpinan (Direktur dan Konsultan).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mengadakan hubungan dengan konsultan, instansi
pemerintahan, institusi dan pihak luar yang berhubungan dengan R & D.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">5. Manajer Lingkungan, yang bertanggung jawab
mengelola departemen lingkungan dalam mengendalikan lingkungan dan pengolahan
limbah. Tugas dan tanggungjawabnya adalah sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mengatur dan bertanggung jawab penuh terhadap
masalah proses limbah produksi baik limbah cair maupun limbah padat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Melakukan evaluasi dan estimasi terhadap proses
yang berlangsung dan melakukan langkah-langkah pengembangan yang lebih baik dan
ekonomis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Melakukan pengoperasian pendistribusian sistem
utilitas yang menjadi sarana pendukung proses limbah seperti pengaturan air, <i>steam</i>,
tekanan udara, <i>coolingtower </i>dan
lain sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> 6. Manajer Teknik, bertanggung jawab untuk
memimpin departemen teknik yang
berkaitan dengan kerusakan dan perbaikan listrik, mesin dan
kelengkapannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">7. Manajer Budidaya
Pertanian, bertanggung jawab dalam pembudidayaan dan pelestarian tanaman obat
selain itu juga bertanggung jawab untuk melakukan berbagai macam penelitian dan
percobaan tanaman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">8. Manajer Umum,
bertanggung jawab terhadap setiap kegiatan yang mendukung produksi seperti
penyediaan tenaga kerja, menyediakan sarana dan prasarana, juga bertanggung
jawab untuk mengkoordinasi kegiatan manajerial.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">9. Manajer Keuangan, bertanggung jawab dalam
merinci dan memberikan laporan keuangan yang sifatnya khusus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">10. Manajer Akuntansi,
bertanggung jawab untuk perician dan pemberian laporan keuangan yang sifatnya
umum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 58.5pt; tab-stops: 101.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">11. Manajer Pembelian, bertanggung jawab
terhadap pembelian barang-barang untuk kepentingan produksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">II.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">FORMULA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Formula
Tablet Salut Film Rifampisin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Rancangan Formula<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: .25in 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Tiap 1 tablet (500mg) mengandung:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: .25in 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Rifampisin 300 mg<span style="color: #222222;"> (Bahan
Aktif)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Amylum
manihot 10%
(Penghancur)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Talk
5% (Glidan)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">olivinil pirolidon<span style="color: #222222;">
10% (Pengikat)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Mg Stearat
1% (Antiadheren)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Laktosa
ad
100% (Pengisi)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: .25in 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Master Formula<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama produk : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Rifafil</span><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">® </span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Tablet</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah produk : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">10</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0.000
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tablet </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">@</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">300mg dalam 500mg) </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanggal formulasi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
April 2014<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanggal produksi : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">21 April</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> 2014<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">No Reg : DKL 1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2334</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">09919 A1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">No. Batch : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">K04212014</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tabel.1. Master Formula Rifafil® Tablet</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .25in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 406.35pt;" width="542"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Rifafil® Tablet<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">No.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.9pt;" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Kode
Bahan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.1pt;" width="147"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Nama
Bahan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.9pt;" width="105"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Fungsi
Bahan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.95pt;" width="151"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Jumlah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.6pt;" width="70"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Tiap
Tablet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.35pt;" width="80"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Tiap
Batch<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.9pt;" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">RF-01<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.1pt;" width="147"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Rifampisin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.9pt;" width="105"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Bahan
Aktif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.6pt;" width="70"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">300mg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.35pt;" width="80"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">30.000
kg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.9pt;" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">RF-01<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.1pt;" width="147"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Amylum
manihot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.9pt;" width="105"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Penghancur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.6pt;" width="70"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">50mg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.35pt;" width="80"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">5000kg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.9pt;" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">RF-03<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.1pt;" width="147"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Talk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.9pt;" width="105"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Glidan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.6pt;" width="70"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">25mg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.35pt;" width="80"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">2500kg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.9pt;" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">RF-04<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.1pt;" width="147"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Polivinil
pirolidon<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.9pt;" width="105"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Pengikat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.6pt;" width="70"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">50mg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.35pt;" width="80"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">5000kg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.9pt;" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">RF-05<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.1pt;" width="147"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Mg.
Stearat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.9pt;" width="105"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Antiadheren<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.6pt;" width="70"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">5mg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.35pt;" width="80"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">500kg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.9pt;" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">RF-06<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.1pt;" width="147"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Laktosa
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.9pt;" width="105"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Pengisi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.6pt;" width="70"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">70mg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.35pt;" width="80"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">7000kg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Perhitungan Bahan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Komposisi tiap tablet
(500mg)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Rifampisin = 300mg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Amylum
manihot = </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:f><m:fPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
200%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><m:r>10</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
200%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><m:r>100</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
200%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><m:r>×</m:r></span></i><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
200%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><m:r>500</m:r></span></i><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
200%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><m:r>mg</m:r></span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><m:r>= </m:r></span></i><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>50mg</m:r></span></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -9.0pt; position: relative; top: 9.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:114pt;height:22.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\piSS\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.png"
o:title="" chromakey="white"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Talk = </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:f><m:fPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
200%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><m:r>5</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
200%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><m:r>100</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
200%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><m:r>×</m:r></span></i><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
200%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><m:r>500</m:r></span></i><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
200%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><m:r>mg</m:r></span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><m:r>= </m:r></span></i><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>25mg</m:r></span></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -9.0pt; position: relative; top: 9.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:114pt;height:22.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\piSS\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.png"
o:title="" chromakey="white"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">olivinil pirolidon<span style="color: #222222;"> = </span></span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:f><m:fPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
200%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><m:r>10</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
200%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><m:r>100</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
200%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><m:r>×</m:r></span></i><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
200%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><m:r>500</m:r></span></i><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
200%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><m:r>mg</m:r></span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><m:r>= </m:r></span></i><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>50mg</m:r></span></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -9.0pt; position: relative; top: 9.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:114pt;height:22.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\piSS\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.png"
o:title="" chromakey="white"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Mg Stearat = </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:f><m:fPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
200%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><m:r>1</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
200%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><m:r>100</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
200%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><m:r>×</m:r></span></i><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
200%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><m:r>500</m:r></span></i><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
200%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><m:r>mg</m:r></span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><m:r>= </m:r></span></i><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US'><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>5mg</m:r></span></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -9.0pt; position: relative; top: 9.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:107.25pt;height:22.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\piSS\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.png"
o:title="" chromakey="white"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Laktoa = 500mg – 430m =
70mg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Komposisi tiap batch :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: .25in 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Rifampisin
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: .25in 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Tiap tablet mengandung 300 mg<span style="color: #222222;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: .25in 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">100.000 × 300mg = 15.000.000 mg = 15.000 Kg</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Amylum
manihot <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Tiap batch :
100.000 × 50mg = 2.500.000 mg = 2500Kg <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Talk
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Tiap batch : 100.000 × 25mg = 1.250.000 mg = 1250Kg
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Polivinil pirolidon<span style="color: #222222;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Tiap batch : 100.000 × 50mg = 2.500.000 mg = 2500Kg
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Mg
Stearat
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Tiap batch : 100.000 × 5mg = 250.000 mg = 250Kg <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Laktosa
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Tiap batch : 100.000 × 70mg = 3.500.000 mg = 3500Kg
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: .25in 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Kemasan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: .25in 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Tiap batch = 100.000 tablet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: .25in 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">1 strip =
10 tablet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: .25in 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">1 dos =
2 strip<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: .25in 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">1 batch =
5000 dos<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Alasan Pembuatan Sediaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Tujuan pembuatan tablet salut film pada
sediaan rifampisin untuk menutupi rasa
dan bau khas yang dapat mengganggu
konsumen. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">F.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Alasan Penggunaan Eksipien<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Kompatibilitas
rifampicin dipelajari dengan, ekstrusi bantuan laktosa 200mesh; disintegrants
dan super disintegrants pengikat polivinil pirolidon-(PVP K-90) Campuran bahan
memiliki sifat alir yang baik, efek lubrikan yang baik, kompresibilitas yang
baik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">III.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">FLOW MATERIAL TABLET SALUT
FILM RIFAMPISIN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Flow Material<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Salah
satu kegiatan yang berperan penting dan harus diperhatikan dalam suatu industri
farmasi yaitu <i>flow material </i>yang
merupakan semua pergerakan bahan baku atau alur yang dilewati sampai menjadi
produk jadi atau jalannya produksi mulai dari pengadaan bahan baku, pembelian,
perencanaan produksi, produksi, pengemasan, penyimpanan hingga obat jadi yang
siap didistribusikan (Priyambodo, 20</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">07</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Flow
material adalah alur pembuatan obat, mulai dari proses pembelian bahan baku,
proses produksi menjadi produk antara, produk jadi yang siap dipasarkan. Flow Material Management meliputi
pembelian/ <i>purchasing</i>, transportasi,
<i>inventory</i>
<i>Stock, </i>pergudangan/<i>warehousing</i>
dan distribusi (BPOM,2006).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Aliran
materi dalam suatu industri berlangsung secara berurutan menurut proses
produksi suatu sediaan. Setiap tahap yang dilalui oleh bahan selalu dikontrol
dan diawasi secara ketat sehingga obat yang dihasilkan selalu bermutu tinggi.
Pekerjaan ini dilakukan oleh bagian khusus yang terdapat dalam industri, yaitu <i>quality control</i> (QC) (Fatmawaty, 2010).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Tablet Salut Film<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Tablet<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tablet adalah sediaan
padat mengandung bahan obat dengan atau tanpa bahan pengisi. </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Tablet bersalut selaput (film coating) adalah
tablet yang dilapisi lapisan selaput tipis dengan zat penyalut yang dikenakan
atau disemprotkan pada tablet. Sebagai zat penyalut digunakan Na CMC,
Asetatftalat selulosa, Hidroksi etil selulosa dengan bermacam-macam
perbandingan dalam campuran PEG dan Polivinilpirolidon dalam pelarut alkohol
atau terdispersi dalam Isopropanol dengan tambahan Span dan Tween <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Metode Pmebuatan Tablet<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan
metode pembuatan, dapat digolongkan sebagai tablet cetak dan tablet kempa.
Sebagian besar tablet dibuat dengan cara pengempaan dan merupakan bentuk
sediaan yang paling banyak digunakan. Tablet kempa dibuat dengan memberikan
tekanan tinggi pada serbuk atau granul menggunakan tekanan baja, tablet dapat
dibuat dalam berbagai ukuran.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tablet
adalah sediaan kompak yang dibuat secara kempa cetak, dalam tabung pipih atau
sirkuler, kedua permukaannya rata atau cembung, mengandung satu jenis obat atau
lebih dengan atau tanpa zat tambahan. Zat tambahan yang digunakan dapat
berfungsi sebagai zat pengisi, zat pengikat, zat pelicin, zat penghancur atau
zat lain yang cocok.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Ketentuan-ketentuan Tablet<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Syarat-syarat
tablet menurut Farmakope Indonesia edisi IV adalah sebagai berikut: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1. Keseragaman ukuran. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2. Diameter tablet tidak
lebih dari tiga kali dan tidak kurang dari satu sepertiga kali tablet. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3. Keseragaman bobot dan
keseragaman kandungan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tablet harus memenuhi uji
keseragaman bobot jika zat aktif merupakan bagian terbesar dari tablet yang
cukup mewakili keseragaman kandungan. Keseragaman bobot bukan merupakan
indikasi yang cukup dari keseragaman kandungan jika tablet bersalut gula. Oleh
karena itu, umumnya Farmakope mensyaratkan tablet bersalut dan tablet yang
mengandung zat aktif 50 mg atau kurang dan bobot zat aktif lebih kecil dari 50%
bobot sediaan, harus memenuhi syarat uji keseragaman kandungan yang
pengujiannya dilakukan pada tiap tablet. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4. Waktu hancur <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Waktu hancur penting
dilakukan jika tablet diberikan per</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">oral, kecuali tablet yang harus
dikunyah sebelum ditelan. Uji ini dimaksudkan untuk menetapkan kesesuaian batas
waktu hancur yang ditetapkan pada masing-masing monografi. Uji waktu hancur
tidak menyatakan bahwa sediaan atau bahan aktifnya terlarut sempurna <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5. Disolusi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Disolusi adalah suatu
proses pemindahan molekul obat dari bentuk padat kedalam larutan suatu media.
Uji ini dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui banyaknya zat aktif yang terlarut dan
memberikan efek terapi didalam tubuh. Kecepatan absorbsi obat tergantung pada cara
pemberian yang dikehendaki dan juga harus dipertimbangkan frekuensi pemberian
obat. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6. Penetapan kadar zat
aktif <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penetapan
kadar zat aktif bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah kadar zat aktif yang
terkandung didalam suatu sediaan sesuai dengan yang tertera pada etiket dan
memenuhi syarat seperti yang tertera pada masing-masing monografi. Bila zat
aktif obat tidak memenuhi syarat maka obat tersebut tidak akan memberikan efek
terapi dan juga tidak layak untuk dikonsumsi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Rifampisin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Rifampisin adalah turunan semisintetik dari Rifamisin B, suatu
antibiotika yang diturunkan dari Streptomyces meditarranei. Sebagai Anti
Infeksi Mekanisme kerjanya menghambat sintesis RNA bakteri dengan mengikat
subunit beta dari DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, menghambat transkripsi RNA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Gambar.3 Struktur Rifampisin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Nama Generik</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Rifampisin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Nama Kimia</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">5,6,9,17,19,21-hexahydroxy-23-methoxy-2,4,12,16,18,20,22-heptamethyl-8-[N-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)formimidoyl]-2,7-(epoxypentadeca
[1,11,13]trienimino)naphtho[2,1-b]furan-1,11(2H)-dione21-acetate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Struktur Kimia</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">C<sub>43</sub>H<sub>58</sub>N<sub>4</sub>O<sub>12</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Sifat Fisikokimia </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Rifampisin merupakan serbuk
kristal merah-coklat dan sangat sedikit larut dalam air dan sedikit larut dalam
alkohol. Obat ini mempunyai pKa 7,9;Larut dalam kloroform, DMSO, etil asetat,
metanol, tetrahidrofuran.;Dalam perdagangan, rifampisin tersedia dalam bentuk
serbuk steril untuk injeksi mengandung Natrium formaldehid, sulfoksilat,
natrium hidroksida yang ditambahkan untuk mengatur pH.;Dalam perdagangan
sediaan oral rifampin tersedia sebagai obat tunggal, dalam bentuk kombinasi
tetap dengan isoniazid, serta dalam kombinasi tetap dengan isoniasid dan
pirazinamid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Farmakologi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Durasi :
< 24 jam;Absorbsi : Oral : diabsorpsi dengan baik; makanan dapat
mengakibatkan penundaan absorpsi (delay) atau sedikit menurunkan kadar puncak
;Distribusi : sangat lipofilik , dapat menembus sawar darah otak (bood-brain
barrier) dengan baik ;Difusi relatif dari darah ke dalam cairan serebrospinal :
adekuat dengan atau tanpa inflamasi ;CSF : inflamasi meninges : 25%;Metabolisme
: Hepatik; melalui resirkulasi enterohepatik ;Ikatan protein : 80% ;T ½ eliminasi : 3-4 jam; waktu tersebut akan
memanjang pada gagal hepar; gagal ginjal terminal : 1,8-11 jam.;Waktu untuk mencapai
kadar puncak, serum: oral : 2-4 jam;Ekskresi : Feses (60% - 65%) dan urin (~
30%) sebagai obat yang tidak berubah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Stabilitas Penyimpanan </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Serbuk rifampisin berwarna
merah kecoklatan.;Vial yang utuh harus disimpan pada suhu kamar dan dihindarkan
dari cahaya dan panas yang berlebihan. Rekonstitusi serbuk untuk injeksi dengan
SWFI; untuk injeksi larutkan dalam sejumlah volume yg tepat dengan cairan yang
kompatibel (contoh : 100 ml D5W).;Vial yang telah direkontitusi stabil selama
24 jam pada suhu kamar.Stabilitas parenteral admixture pada penyimpanan suhu
kamar (25<sup>0</sup>C) adalah 4 jam untuk pelarut D5W dan 24 jam untuk pelarut
NS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">g.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Kontra Indikasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Hipersensitivitas terhadap rifampisin atau komponen lain yang terdapat
dalam sediaan; penggunaan bersama amprenavir, saquinafir/rotonavir (kemungkinan
dengan proease inhibitor), jaundice (penyakit kuning)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">h.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Efek Samping</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Gangguan saluran cerna
seperti anoreksia, mual, muntah, diare (dilaporkan terjadi kolitis karena
penggunaan antibiotika); sakit kepala, drowsiness; gejala berikut terjadi
terutama pada terapi intermitten termasuk gelala ;mirip influenza ( dengan
chills, demam, dizziness, nyeri tulang), gejala pada respirasi (termasuk sesak
nafas), kolaps dan shock, anemia hemolitik, gagal ginjal akut, dan trombositopenia
purpura; gangguan fungsi liver, jaundice(penyakit kuning); ;flushing, urtikaria
dan rash; efek samping lain dilaporkan : edema, muscular weakness dan myopathy,
dermatitis exfoliative, toxic epidermal necrolysis, reaksi pemphigoid,
leucopenia, eosinophilia, gangguan menstruasi; urin, saliva dan sekresi ;tubuh
yang lain berwarna orange-merah; tromboflebitis dilaporkan pada penggunaan
secara infus pada periode yang lama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">i.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> Interaksi Makanan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Makanan
menurunkan absorbsi; konsentrasi rifampin dapat diturunkan jika digunakan
bersama dengan makanan;Hindari ethanol (dapat meningkatkan resiko
hepatotoksisitas);St. John’s wort dapat menurunkan kadar rifampisin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">j.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Interaksi Obat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Efek Cytochrome P450 :
substrat CYP2A6, 2C8/9, 3A4 (major) ; Induksi CYP1A2 (kuat) ,2A6 (kuat), 2B6
(kuat), 2 C8/9(kuat), 2C19 (kuat), 3A4 (kuat).;Meningkatkan efek/toksisitas :
Rifampisin dapat meningkatkan efek terapeutik clopidogrel, penggunaan bersama
dengan isoniazid pyrazinamide;atau protease inhibitor (amprenavir
saquinavir/ritonavir) dapat meningkatkan resiko hepatotoksisitas; antibiotika
makrolida dapat meningkatkan kadar/toksisitas rifampin.;Menurunkan efek :
Rifampisin dapat menurunkan efek/kadar obat-obat berikut: asetaminofen,
alfentanil, amiodaron,angiotensin II receptor blocker (irbesartan dan
losartan), 5-HT3 antagonis, antifungi imidazol,;aprepitant, barbiturat,
benzodiazepin (dimetabolisme melalui oksidasi), beta blocker, buspiron, calsium
channel blocker, kloramfenikol, kortikosteroid, siklosporin; substrat CYP1A2,
2A6, 2B6, 2C8/9, 2C19 DAN 3A4 ;(contoh : aminofilin, amiodaron, bupropion,
fluoksetin, fluvoksamin, ifosfamid, methsuksimid, mirtazapin, nateglinid,
pioglitazon, promethazin, inhibitor pompa proton, ropinirol, rosiglitazon,
selegilin, sertralin, teofilin, venlafaxin dan zafirlukast; ;dapson,
disopiramid, kontrasepsi estrogen dan progestin, feksofenadin, flukonazol, asam
fusidat, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, metadon, morfin, fenitoin, propafenon,
inhibitor protease, quinidin, repaglinid, ;inhibitor reverse transkriptase (non-nucleoside),
sulfonilurea, takrolimus, tamoksifen, terbinafin, tocainide, antidepresan
trisiklik, warfarin,zaleplon, zidovudin, zolpidem. Efek rifampisin diturunkan
oleh inducer CYP2A6, 2C8/9, ;dan 3A4 (seperti : aminoglutethimide, barbiturat,
karbamazepin, nafcillin, nevirapin dan fenitoin)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">IV.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">PERENCANAAN DAN PENGADAAN BAHAN BAKU<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Komponen </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">terbesar dalam pembiayaan produksi pada industri </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">manufaktur </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">farmasi adalah biaya pengadaan barang, termasuk di dalamnya adalah
pengadaan awal (starting material</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">;bahan baku</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">) yang terdiri dari
bahan aktif, bahan pembantu, bahan pengemas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Yang berperan dalam
perencanaan dan pengadaan bahan-bahan yang dibutuhkan untuk keperluan produksi
yaitu Perencanaan, Produksi dan
Pengendalian Investasi (PPPI)., berdasarkan forecast marketing dan
mempertimbangkan kapasitas produksi. Bagian PPIC bertugas menghubungkan antara
bagian produksi dengan bagian marketing. Pengadaan dilakukan berdasarkan
pemesanan dari bagian produksi dan marketing, setelah itu bagian PPIC membuat
nota pemesanan bahan dimana pengadaan bahan ini harus terlebih dahulu mendapat
persetujuan dari manajer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Salah satu faktor penting
dalam perencanaan dan pengadaan bahan yaitu pemilihan supplier, dasar
pertimbangan dalam pemilihan supplier, diantaranya sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kualitas bahan yang dipesan. Hal ini dapat diketahui dari <i>Certificate Of Analysis</i> (COA) yang
disertakan pada pembelian dan sample.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kontinuitas
atau kesanggupan supplier dalam menyuplai barang secara berkelanjutan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Delivery
time (yaitu waktu dari supplier mengirim barang sampai ke tempat tujuan)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Layanan
purna jual, sepertinya adanya tanggapan atas keluhan yang diajukan perusahaan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kemudahan dalam melakukan pembayaran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">V.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">BAHAN BAKU<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Material<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Material adalah semua bahan awal (BB) baik
zat aktif, zat tambahan, reagensia, pelarut bahan pembantu proses produksi
antara bahan pengemas dan bahan penandaan (label).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Bahan Baku<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahan baku
merupakan semua </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">bahan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">
yang berkhasiat maupun tidak berkhasiat yang
berubah maupun tidak berubah yang digunakan dalam pengelolaan obat. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tabel.2
Daftar Suplier Bahan Baku</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">No.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.4pt;" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kode Bahan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 130.5pt;" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama Bahan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" width="150"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemasok<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Negara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.4pt;" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">RF-01<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 130.5pt;" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Rifampisin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" width="150"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mumbay </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Industrial
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">India<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.4pt;" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">RF-01<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 130.5pt;" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Amylum
manihot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" width="150"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mumbay </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Industrial
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">India<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.4pt;" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">RF-03<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 130.5pt;" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Talk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" width="150"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mumbay </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Industrial
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">India<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.4pt;" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">RF-04<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 130.5pt;" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Polivinil
pirolidon<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" width="150"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mumbay </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Industrial
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">India<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">5.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.4pt;" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">RF-05<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 130.5pt;" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Mg.
Stearat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" width="150"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mumbay </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Industrial
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">India<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.4pt;" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">RF-06<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 130.5pt;" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Laktosa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" width="150"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mumbay </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Industrial
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">India<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">7.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.4pt;" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BP-01<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 130.5pt;" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahan Pengemas (Strip)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" width="150"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mumbay </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Industrial
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">India<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">8.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.4pt;" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BP-02<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 130.5pt;" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahan Pengemas (Box)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" width="150"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mumbay </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Industrial
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">India<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">9.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.4pt;" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">BP-03<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 130.5pt;" width="174"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahan Pengemas (Master Box)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" width="150"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mumbay </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Industrial
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.95pt;" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">India</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Gambar 4. Bagan Pengadaan dan Pemeriksaan
Bahan Baku</span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="4" width="16"></td>
<td width="151"></td>
<td width="39"></td>
<td width="393"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="12"></td><td><br /></td><td align="left" valign="top"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hal-hal yang harus
diperhatikan : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pengambilan
sampel bahan baku dilakukan secara acak pada bagian atas, tengah, dan bawah
dari wadah. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat thief sampler.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pengambilan
sampel dilakukan secara acak untuk setiap batch dengan rumus √n+1. Untuk bahan
yang identitasnya kurang jelas, wadah kotor, pabrik pembuat berbeda dari
biasanya, atau bahan berasal dari supplier yang baru maka sampling dilakukan
terhadap semua wadah dalam batch.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pengambilan
contoh baru dilakukan dalam ruang sampling dengan tepat untuk mencegah
terjadinya kontaminasi. Hal-hal yang perlu
diperhatikan adalah sebagai berikut
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sebelum
sampling dilakukan pemeriksaan terlebih dahulu apakah segel/ditutup wadah masih
utuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Alat
sampling harus bersih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Selesai
sampling wadah segara ditutup rapat dan diberi penandaan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Setiap melakukan pengujian bahan baku dilengkapi dengan
catatan pengujian (<i>testing order</i>)
atau catatan hasil pengujian yang ditandatangani oleh <i>Quality Control (QC)</i> <i>manager</i>
dan disetujui oleh <i>Quality Assurance (QA)</i>.
Bahan baku yang telah lulus seleksi diberi label “diluluskan” yang berwarna
hijau, dan jika tidak sesuai dengan spesifikasi diberi label merah “ditolak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Selain itu bagian analisa mengeluarkan lembar “disposisi
QC” yang menerangkan status bahan baku. Disposisi ini dibuat rangkap 2 dimana
tembusannya diserahkan ke bagian</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Perencanaan Produksi
dan Pengendalian Persediaan (PPPP)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
untuk perencanaan produksi dan bagian keuangan untuk pembayaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pemeriksaan mutu
bahan kemas, selain pemeriksaan mutu
bahan baku perlu dilakukan pemeriksaan mutu bahan kemas. Pemeriksaan ini
dilakukan untuk menjamin bahwa bahan kemas yang digunakan benar-benar sesuai
spesifikasi yang ditentukan. Tujuan yang ingin dicapai adalah bahan pengemas
tersebut dapat melindungi sediaan obat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pengujian terhadap bahan kemas meliputi label, brosur,
wadah karton, alumuinium foil, botol dan tutup botol. Pengawasan dilakukan
terhadap penampilan fisik wadah, kesesuaian bahan dan hasil cetakan dengan
spesifikasi yang telah ditentukan (warna, penandaan, desain dan bentuk). Sistem
pemberian label bahan kemas sama dengan pada bahan baku.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jika pemeriksaan bahan kemas telah selesai dilakukan maka
bagian analisa akan mengeluarkan lembar
“disposisi QC” yang berisi hasil pemeriksaan untuk disampaikan ke bagian
keuangan untuk pembayaran dan ke bagian PP</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PP</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> untuk perecanaan produksi. Apabila bahan kemas tidak memenuhi
spesifikasi yang dipersyaratkan, maka dikembalikan ke supplier dengan dokumen
nota retur barang. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Semua
bahan yang diterima harus mempunyai catatan yang lengkap</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">yaitu:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama
bahan awal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama
produsen bahan awal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama
pemasok.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanggal
penerimaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah
bahan awal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nomor
bets.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama
penerima.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanggal
kedaluwarsa (bila ada).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nomor
faktur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lokasi
penempatan di gudang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Wadah
dari bahan awal yang sudah dilakukan pengambilan contoh, harus diberi penandaan
yang berisi antara lain: tanggal pengambilan dan pelaksana pengambilan contoh.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">VI.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">GUDANG
PENYIMPANAN BAHAN BAKU<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Proses
penyimpanan dilakukan digudang penyimpanan. Persediaan bahan baku dengan sistem
FIFO , masuk pertama keluar pertama. Hal ini dilakukan guna tidak adanya bahan
baku yang menumpuk atau tersimpan terlalu lama yang berakibat pada rusaknya
bahan baku. Dalam ruang penyimpanan bahan baku harus memenuhi syarat :<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahan
masuk benar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahan
baku harus bersih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahan
baku harus disimpan dalam bentuk kering<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Selain
itu adapun tata laksana gudang penyimpanan, yaitu kebersihan gudang harus
terjaga dan kelembaban serendah mungkin atau dapat dipastikan kering.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Selain untuk
penyimpanan gudang juga berfungsi untuk melindungi bahan dari pengaruh luar dan
melindungi obat dari kerusakan. PT. Indofarma Tbk memiliki gudang khusus untuk
menyimpan bahan aktif dalam pembuatan sediaan beta laktam yang terletak pada
gedung tiga sedangkan untuk bahan tambahannya diletakkan pada gudang umum.
Gudang bahan kemas dan produk jadi terletak pada satu gedung.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Terdapat
tiga area pada masing-masing gudang bahan baku, bahan kemas dan produk jadi
yaitu:<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Quarantine Area</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">,
yaitu area tempat penyimpanan dengan status karantina dimana barang baru
diterima dari <i>supplier</i> dan di karantina sambil menunggu hasil analisa
dari bagian QC. Barang dalam status ini diberi label berwarna kuning.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Release Area</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">,
yaitu area tempat penyimpanan dengan status <i>release</i> adalah barang sudah
dianalisa oleh QC dan diberi label <i>Passed</i> berwarna hijau.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rejected Area</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">,
yaitu area tempat peyimpanan dengan status <i>reject</i> adalah barang yang
sudah dianalisa oleh QC dan hasilnya tidak memenuhi spesifikasi sehingga
ditolak. Barang dalam status ini diberi label <i>Rejected</i> yang berwarna
merah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">VII.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">ALUR PROSES PRODUKSI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">Sebelum proses produksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">Adapun hal-hal
yang harus dipenuhi sebelum proses produksi, antara lain :</span><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">Personalia</span></b><b><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Setiap
orang yang terlibat dalam proses pembuatan hendaklah menerapkan prinsip higiene
perorangan yang meliputi :<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: 18.7pt 45.0pt 85.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kesehatan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 18.7pt 93.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Setiap orang tidak diperkenankan bekerja atau
berada di daerah produksi bila : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: 18.7pt list 81.0pt left 85.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.65pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mempunyai luka terbuka, bercak-bercak gatal, bisul atau penyakit kulit <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: 18.7pt list 76.5pt 81.0pt left 85.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mengidap penyakit infeksi pada saluran
pernapasan bagian atas, pilek, batuk, alergi serbuk. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Karyawan yang mengidap penyakit tersebut hendaklah melapor kepada
atasannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: 18.7pt list .5in 81.0pt left 85.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mendapat pemeriksaaan kesehatan secara berkala.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: 18.7pt list 81.0pt left 85.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sesudah sembuh dari penyakit menular hendaklah diadakan pemeriksaan
kesehatan yang sesuai untuk menentukan kelayakan bekerja. Pengawasan hendaklah
tanggap terhadap gejala penyakit menular pada karyawan yang bekerja di Bagian
produksi,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 18.7pt 76.5pt 102.85pt right 6.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .75in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2. Kebersihan
Perorangan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 76.5pt; tab-stops: 18.7pt 76.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -76.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Tiap orang hendaklah
melaksanakan kebiasaan kebersihan perorangan seperti :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 99.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: 18.7pt 94.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mandi secara teratur <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 99.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: 18.7pt 94.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Cuci tangan secara teratur antara lain segera sesudah buang air kecil
maupun buang air besar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 99.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: 18.7pt 94.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Rambut hendaklah dipotong pendek dan
dipelihara agar senantiasa bersih dan rapi. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dilarang menyisir disemua ruangan kecuali di ruang ganti pakaian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 99.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: 18.7pt 94.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dilarang memakai perhiasan yang cenderung jatuh masuk ke dalam produk,
misalnya anting, kalung, dan perhiasan lain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 99.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: 18.7pt 94.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kosmetik hendaklah sesedikit mungkin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: 18.7pt 94.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dilarang memakai bulu mata palsu dan berbagai bahan pembantu kecantikan
yang dapat jatuh ke dalam produk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 99.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: 18.7pt 94.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dilarang berkuku panjang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 18.7pt 76.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .75in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3. Kebiasaan higienis <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: 18.7pt 93.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dilarang mengunyah, makan dan minum di ruangan pengolahan, pengemasan,
gudang dan laboratorium <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: 18.7pt 93.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dilarang merokok di ruangan produksi, gudang dan laboratorium.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level4 lfo44; tab-stops: 18.7pt 93.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanda “DILARANG MEROKOK”
hendaklah dipasang di pintu masuk berbagai tempat penting.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: 18.7pt 93.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dilarang meludah di sembarang tempat terutama di ruang produksi,
laboratorium, gudang dll <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: 93.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kebersihan dan keteraturan ruang kerja hendaklah senantiasa dipelihara. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ruangan hendaklah segera dibersihkan sebelum mulai dengan
pekerjaan jenis lain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: 18.7pt 93.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lemari pakaian hendaklah dipelihara agar senantiasa bersih dan rapi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 18.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .75in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4. Pakaian bersih </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 18.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pakaian bersih digunakan baik untuk melindungi pelaksana produksi terhadap
produk maupun produk terhadap orang. Termasuk dalam hal ini adalah pakaian
dalam dan sepatu yang bersih.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: 18.7pt 93.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tiap orang yang berada di daerah produksi harus mengenakan pakaian
pelindung yang bersih yang khusus disediakan untuk keperluan tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: 18.7pt 93.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pakaian kerja bersih dan pelindung lain seperti topi, sarung tangan,
pelindung kumis dan janggut, sarung lengan hendaklah dikenakan sesuai petunjuk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: 18.7pt 93.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bila menangani bahan berbahaya atau nudah menguap hendaklah mengenakan
pakaian dan pelindung tambahan yang sesuai seperti tutup kepala, masker
pelindung terhadap debu, kaca mata pelindung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: 18.7pt 93.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pakaian kerja tidak boleh digunakan di luar lingkungan pabrik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: 18.7pt 93.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pakaian kerja harus senantiasa bersih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: 18.7pt 93.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pakaian kerja hendaklah dikenakan secara tepat, kancing dikencangkan
sebagaimana mestinya. Kerusakan pada pakaian kerja harus segera diperbaiki.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: 18.7pt 93.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tutup kepala hendaklah digunakan hingga
rambut tertutup dengan baik. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kumis dan /
atau janggut hendaklah ditutup seluruhnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: 18.7pt 93.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pakaian kerja hendaklah tidak berkantong di atas pinggang, karena
barang-barang yang ada di dalamnya dapat terjatuh ke dalam produk pada waktu
pengolahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 94.5pt; tab-stops: 18.7pt 93.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">5. Masker<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 85.5pt; tab-stops: 18.7pt 1.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Masker yang digunakan pada produksi salep mata harus memenuhi persyaratan
sebagai berikut : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: 18.7pt 85.5pt 103.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mampu menyaring partikel secara maksimal <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: 18.7pt 85.5pt 103.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bebas tirat/serat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: 18.7pt 85.5pt 103.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dicuci dan disterilkan sebelum digunakan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: 18.7pt 85.5pt 103.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dikenakan pada saat bekerja dengan bahan
berdebu dan pada saat menangani produk yang terbuka</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 94.5pt; tab-stops: 18.7pt 93.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">6. Sarung Tangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.25in; tab-stops: 18.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Sarung tangan yang digunakan pada
produksi salep mata harus memenuhi ketentuan sebagai berikut : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" vspace="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" style="padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 9.0pt; padding-right: 9.0pt; padding-top: 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: .05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo38; tab-stops: 14.2pt 94.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Terbuat dari vinil/lateks, dapat menyaring partikel
secara maksimal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: .05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo38; tab-stops: 14.2pt 94.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bebas
bedak/serbuk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: .05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo38; tab-stops: 14.2pt 94.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sterilkan sebelum digunakan/gunakan yang tersedia di
pasaran dalam kondisi steril</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: .05pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo38; tab-stops: 14.2pt 94.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Didesinfeksi secara berkala paling tidak setiap jam. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Misal : dengan etilalkohol 70%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo38; tab-stops: 18.7pt 94.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diganti segera bila rusak atau terkontaminasi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo38; tab-stops: 18.7pt 94.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dikenakan
pada saat menangani produk yang terbuka</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 94.5pt; tab-stops: 18.7pt 93.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">7. Alas Kaki
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 85.5pt; tab-stops: 18.7pt 76.5pt 85.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Alas kaki yang digunakan personil dalam produksi salep mata memenuhi
ketentuan sebagai berikut : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 19.1pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sepatu
kerja biasa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 19.1pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mampu
menyaring partikel secara maksimal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 19.1pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bebas
tirat/serat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 19.1pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dicuci dan
disterilkan sebelum digunakan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 94.5pt; tab-stops: 18.7pt 93.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">8. Pelindung rambut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo40; tab-stops: 13.3pt 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -6.65pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dapat menyaring partikel secara maksimal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo40; tab-stops: 13.3pt 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -6.65pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bebas serat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo40; tab-stops: 13.3pt 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -6.65pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ganti 2 -3 kali seminggu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 94.5pt; tab-stops: 18.7pt 93.5pt 102.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">9. Baju kerja<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 103.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo41; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Terbuat
dari kain yang ditenun dengan multi-filament terusan yang dapat menyaring
bakteri dan partikulat udara secara maks.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 103.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo41; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bebas
tirat/serat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 103.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo41; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lengan
panjang, dicuci dan disterilkan sebelum digunakan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 103.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo41; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Penggantian baju dan sarung kaki steril dilakukan di ruang ganti pakaian
steril<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 103.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo41; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Diganti setiap hari dan apabila terlihat kotor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 103.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ruang
Produksi </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pada proses produksi,
ada beberapa parameter yang harus diperhatikan karena berpengaruh terhadap mutu
akhir produk. Beberapa faktor yang harus diperhatikan adalah suhu, kelembaban,
tekanan udara serta jumlah partikel. Dalam mengendalikan jumlah partikel, perlu
pengaturan ruang produksi terhadap jumlah partikel, dimana disesuaikan dengan
kondisi proses produksi yang dipersyaratkan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ruang produksi untuk
pembuatan obat tablet Metronidazole di kelas E yang dapat dilihat pada Tabel </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tabel </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.
Rekomendasi Jumlah Partikel dalam Ruangan Produksi Kelas E - G</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 45.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 517px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 29.35pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 29.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.15pt;" width="51"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kelas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 29.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 172.5pt;" width="230"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Non
operasional<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 29.35pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.15pt;" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Keterangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 349.65pt;" valign="top" width="466"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jumlah
maksimum partikel / m<sup>3</sup> yang diperbolehkan untuk kelas setara atau
lebih tinggi dari<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.8pt;" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">0,5 µm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.7pt;" width="110"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5 µm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 22.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.15pt;" width="236"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.15pt;" width="51"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">E<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.8pt;" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.500.000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.7pt;" width="110"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">20.000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="236"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jumlah mikroba ditetapkan oleh masing-masing
indstri farmasi, misal : ruang pengolahan dan pengemasan primer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.15pt;" width="51"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">F<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.8pt;" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tidak
ditetapkan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.7pt;" width="110"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tidak
ditetapkan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.15pt;" width="236"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ruang
pengemasan sekunder yang tidak berhubungan langsung dengan area luar, untuk
memasuki ruang ini disarankan melewati suatu ruang penyangga atau ruang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.15pt;" width="51"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">G<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.8pt;" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tidak
ditetapkan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.7pt;" width="110"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tidak
ditetapkan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.15pt;" width="236"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ruang
penyimpanan (gudang)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk menentukan cemaran mikroba dalam
suatu ruangan dapat melalui media expose, <i>air
sample</i>, dan <i>contact plate</i>. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mikroba (bakteri dan jamur) dalam suatu ruangan yang
tidak terkendali dapat mencemari produk yang diolah dalam ruangan tersebut.
Berikut ini syarat jumlah mikroba dalam ruangan produksi.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tabel </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">. Syarat jumlah mikroba
dalaam ruang produksi kelas A-D</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kelas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td colspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 11.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 261.35pt;" width="348"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Batas
yang disarankan untuk cemaran mikroba<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 11.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 91.95pt;" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Operasional<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 1.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.7pt;" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sampel udara
cfu/m3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.4pt;" width="107"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Cemaran dapar
(dia 90 m) cfu/4am<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.25pt;" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Cemaran kontak
(dia 55mm) cfu/plate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 91.95pt;" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sarung
tangan 5 jari cfu/sarung tangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<tr style="height: 1.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.15pt;" width="51"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.7pt;" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">< 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.4pt;" width="107"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">< 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.25pt;" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">< 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 91.95pt;" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">< 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 1.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.15pt;" width="51"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.7pt;" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.4pt;" width="107"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.25pt;" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 91.95pt;" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<tr style="height: 1.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.15pt;" width="51"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.7pt;" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.4pt;" width="107"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.25pt;" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 91.95pt;" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 1.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.15pt;" width="51"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">D<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.7pt;" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">200<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.4pt;" width="107"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.25pt;" width="138"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 91.95pt;" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perancangan bangunan dan tata letak
ruang produksi mempunyai persyaratan-persyaratan tertentu untuk tiap-tiap
ruangan. Tekanan udara pada ruang produksi juga telah diatur sesuai dengan
CPOB, dimana tekanan udara pada ruang produksi lebih positif dibanding koridor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Kegiatan
produksi tab<span lang="IN">let </span> dan pengemasan <span lang="IN"> p</span>rimer dilakukan kelas E<i> </i> dengan jumlah cemaran partikel (non-patogen)
ukuran diameter ≥ 0,5μm maximum 3.500.000/m<sup>3</sup> partikel dan ukuran
diameter ≥ 5 μm maksimum 20.000/m<sup>3</sup>, jumlah cemaran mikroba
operasional tidak ditetapkan, kelembaban relative (RH) Max 70 %, tekanan udara
10-15 Pa, suplai udara menggunakan medium filter dengan efisiensi saringan
udara 95%., suhu 20-27<sup>o</sup>C, dan pertukaran udara <span lang="IN">5-</span>20 kali/ jam. Sedangkan produk yang telah
dikemas primer dan akan diberi kemasan sekunder dilakukan di <span lang="IN">kelas F</span>.</div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Air
Handing Unit (AHU)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">AHU
bertujuan mengatur jumlah partikel, temperatur dan kelembapan udara yang masuk
keruang produksi. Udara yang masuk dari ruang produksi adalah udara yang
tersirkulasi dimana tahapannya sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: 22.5pt .5in 40.5pt 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Udara segar masuk melalui lubang udara (grill) dan
saringan udara yang terdiri dari prefilter dan efisiensi 35%, medium filter 95
%. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: 22.5pt .5in 40.5pt 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Setelah
melalui saringan udara, udara akan melewati refrigerator unit (AC) untuk
mengatur suhu dan kelembapan udara (maksimal 70%).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: 22.5pt .5in 40.5pt 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c)</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Setelah itu udara akan melewati blower yang akan
mendistribusikan udara tersebut menuju ke ruang produksi melalui ducting. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: 22.5pt .5in 40.5pt 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Udara
yang telah terpakai dalam ruang produksi yang mengandung debu-debu dan partikel
hasil proses produksi akan bertukaran dengan udara bersih. Udara bersih akan
masuk ke ruang Produksi dan udara kotor akan keluar dari ruang produksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: 22.5pt .5in 40.5pt 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e)</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Udara kotor akan keluar melalui dust kolektor 80 % dari
udara tersebut akan masuk kembali dalam sirkulasi udara sedangkan 15-20 % akan
digantikan dengan udara segar. Udara segar dan udara yang berasal dari ruang
produksi akan disirkulasi selanjutnya melalui tahapan-tahapan yang sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Water
System (Air untuk Produksi)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Air merupakan salah satu komponen
penting dalam proses produksi. Sumber air dari air tanah atau air artesis
(Deepwell) yang kemudian di olah menjadi berbagai jenis air. Urutan proses
pengolahan air terdiri dari <i>Pre treatment
</i>dan <i>Water treatment.</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Oleh karena itu dibuat water treatment
atau water sistem yang mekanisme kerjanya yaitu
raw water diperoleh dari PDAM, sumur dangkal, dan sumur dalam. Purified
water terdiri dari multi media filter, carbon filter, water sosftener, heat
exchanger, mikro filter, ultrafiltration (Reverse Osmosis/RO) dan
elektrodionitation. Air yang digunakan pada PT. Indofarma Tbk adalah <i>purified water.</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peralatan <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebelum proses produksi bagian QC harus
memeriksa sanitasi dan hygiene ruangan dan peralatan serta mesin sudah terkualifikasi.
Setelah semua hasil pemeriksaan memenuhi persyaratan maka peralatan, mesin, dan
ruangan diberi label “CLEANED” yang artinya siap untuk digunakan dalam proses
produksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Q</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">uality </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">ontrol</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
bertanggung jawab dalam melakukan pengawasan terhadap mesin, peralatan, dan
ruangan sebelum dan sesudah proses produksi. Peralatan dibersihkan bagian luar
maupun bagian dalam sesuai prosedur yang
telah ditetapkan, serta dijaga dan disimpan dalam kondisi bersih setelah digunakan.
Sebelum digunakan, kebersihannya diperiksa lagi untuk memastikan bahwa seluruh
produk atau bahan dari batch sebelumnya telah dihilangkan. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Untuk memastikan bahwa mesin atau peralatan sudah bersih
maka dilakukan metode apus (<i>swab sampling
methode</i>) atau pembilasan akhir. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Setelah bahan baku, personalia, ruangan
dan peralatan telah memenuhi persyaratan, dan QC sudah memberi label “Release”
untuk bahan baku dan label “bersih” untuk peralatan dan ruangan, maka bagian
departemen produksi bekerja sama dengan QC untuk melakukan proses produksi.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Produksi
Tablet Salut Film Rifampisin (Rifafil<sup>®</sup>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
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Langsung<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal'>
<span style='font-family:
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<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Mesin Strip : Forecma, Wufu,<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Sibler, Chan Yung<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br clear="ALL" />
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<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 94.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gambar.6. Diagram Alir Pembuatan tablet Salut Film
Rifampisin dengan Metode Kempa Langsung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo34; tab-stops: 45.0pt 49.5pt .75in 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.</span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penimbangan<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: 45.0pt 49.5pt .75in 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bahan
baku yang masuk ke ruang penimbangan adalah bahan yangn digunakan hanya untuk
produk Rifafil. Hal ini untuk mencegah terjadinya mix up.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: 45.0pt 49.5pt .75in 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penimbangan
dilakukan di ruang Laminar Air Flow dalam keadaan bersih dan dilakukan oleh 2
orang. Ruang LAF harus dinyalakan terlebih dahulu selama 30 menit sebelum
dilakukan penimbangan, hal ini bertujuan conditioning, sehingga kondisi dalam
LAF sesuai persyaratan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: 45.0pt 49.5pt .75in 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sebelum
penimbangan, petugas harus memeriksa status kalibrasi dari timbangan yang akan
digunakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: 45.0pt 49.5pt .75in 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dahulukan
menimbang bahan tambahan, sedangkan bahan aktif ditimbang terakhir, untuk
mencegah terjadinya kontaminasi silang. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: 45.0pt 49.5pt .75in 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Supervisor
akan memeriksa kembali kesesuaian penimbangan dengan batch record.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sisa
bahan disegel kembali kemudian diserahkan ke gudang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.</span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pengayakan<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Setelah
proses penimbangan, kemudian dilakukan pengayakan untuk menyegaramkan ukuran
dan bentuk granul, luas permukaan serta kerapatan granul.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo34; tab-stops: 45.0pt 49.5pt .75in 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pencampuran Akhir<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 45.0pt 49.5pt .75in 58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bahan-bahan yang telah melalui prses pengayakan
dikumpulkan di stuatu drum stainless steel yang diberi label transit berisi
nama produk, no. batch, nama material yang ada dalam drum, serta tujuan tahap
produksi lalu diletakkan pada staging area. Selanjutkan akan dicampur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo34; tab-stops: 45.0pt 49.5pt .75in 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.</span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pencetakan <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pencetakan
menggunakan msein Korsch. Sebelum pencetakan dimulai, mesin cetak tablet harus
dalam keadaan sudah terakualifikasi dan ruang tempat pencetakan harus dalam
keadaan bersih. Dilakukan set up mesin sebelum proses pencetakan dimulai.
Selama proses pencetakan, pelaksana produksi melakukan pemeriksaan bobot tablet
setiap 15 menit dan pemeriksaan kekersan tablet tiap 1 jam. Hasil cetak
kemudian dikarantina untuk menunggu hasil pemeriksaan dari laboratorium
pengujian meliputi berat, kekerasan, keseragaman kandungan dan disolusi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Metode
Salut Film<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Proses
pembuatan tablet salut dikerjakan secara bertahap yaitu sealing, subcoating,
coloring dan polishing. Penyalutan mengguanak mesin Acella Cota.<b><i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> TAHAP 1 : SEALING<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Tahap ini
bertujuan untuk menutup tablet inti dan pengaruh air yang dipakai untuk proses
penyalutan. Bahn yag digunakan : shellac bebas arsen dan cellulose acetat
phtalat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">TAHAP 2 : SUBCOATINC.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Fungsinya
adalah untuk menutup bagian tepi tablet sehingga tablet tidak bcrsudut Selain
itu dapat pula berguna untuk mcningkatkan ikatan antara <i>sealcoat</i> dengan <i>sugarcoat</i>.
Bahan <i>subcoating</i> terdiri dari : <i>subcoating solution</i> dan <i>subcoating
powder</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">TAHAP 3 : SMOOTHING<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Tahap ini bertujuan
untuk melicinkan permukaan tablet yang telah selesai disubcoat. Balian yang
dipakai sirup gula.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">TAHAP 4: COLORING<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Tahap ini
bertujuaji memberi wama tablet salut sesuai warna yang dikehendaki. Pewarnaan
dapat dilakukan dcngan berbagai cara, antara lain dengan mcnggunakan satu macam
kadar zal warna, Caranya adalah dengan menambahkan terleblh dahulu larutan
pewarna dengan kadar rendah lalu naik dengan kadar tcrtenlu uniuk kcmndlan
kcmbali ditambahkan larutan dengan kadar yang rendah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Macam warna
yang digunakan dihagi dalam dua golongan: yang larut dan yang tidak larut air.
Pewarnaan dengan zat warna yang tidak larut dalam air akan lebih cepat daripada
apabila digunakan zat wama yang larut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">TAHAP 5 : FINISHING<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Bertujuan
untuk membuat permukaan tablet salut menjadi licin setelah selesai pewarnaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">TAHAP 6: POLISHING<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Tahap ini
adalah tahap yang terakhir, dengan tujuan untuk menjadikan permukaan tablet
salut menjadi mengkilap dan indah. Bahan yang dipakai : cera carnauba atau PEG
dalam pelarut klorofrom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Beberapa
problem yang sering muncul selama proses penyalutan tablet terjadi pada tahap :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Sealing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Bahwa
penambahan seal coal tidak boleh terlalu banyak tahu juga terlalu sedikit.
Apabila jumlah seal coal terlalu sedikit akan berpengaruh pada stabilitas bahan
aktif. Akan telapi penambahan berlebihan akan berakibat menghambat hancurnya
tablet dan memperlama kecepatan pelarutan tablet,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Selain itu
apabila selama proses sealing dilakukan penambahan talk (dengan maksud untuk
mencegah perlekatan tablet) dapat berdampak menjadikan permukaan tablet menjadi
kasar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Subcoating<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Masalah yang
sering numcul adalah pennukaan tablet menjadi kasar. Hal ini disebabkan karena:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">1) Penambahan serbuk coating yang
berlebihan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">2) Penambahan larutan subcoating
terlalu sedikit, atau<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">3) Pengeringan suspense subcoaling
terlalu cepat. Akibatnya kristalisasi gula berlangsung cepat dan tcrbentuk
Kristal gula yang kasar dipermukaan tablet.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Coloring<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Merupakan
tahap yang kritis karena kesalahan sedikit selama proses aan berdampak warna
tablet tidak merata dan tablet salut kelihatan tidak balk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 4.5pt 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">VIII.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">IN PROCESSING CONTROL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 4.5pt 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Sampel yang telah dipisahkan kemudian akan
diuji :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 4.5pt 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Keseragaman Bobot<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">a) Diambil 20 butir tablet</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">b)</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Ditimbang satu per satu</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">c)</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Dihitung bobot rata-rata tablet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 4.5pt 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Uji keseragaman ukuran</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 4.5pt 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">a)</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Diambil 10 tablet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 4.5pt 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">b)</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Hitung diameter dan ketebalan dari masing-masing
tablet dengan menggunakan jangka sorong</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 4.5pt 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Uji Kekerasan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">a)</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Diambil 5 tablet</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">b)</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Tablet diletakkan ditengah dan tegak lurus dengan
plan penekan hardness tester</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 4.5pt 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Uji Waktu hancur<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">a)</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Diambil 6 tablet</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">b)</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Diambil kira-kira 1,5 L air,panaskan pada suhu 37<sup>0 </sup>C
selama 15 menit</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">c)</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Dimasukkan masing-masing tablet pada alat
disintegrator</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">d)</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Dimasukkan pada air yang telah dipanaskan</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">e)</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Amati dan catat waktu sampai semua tablet pada
tabung disintegrator terlarut sempurna</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">E. Uji kerapuhan</span></b><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">a)</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Ditimbang 20 tablet bersama-sama masukkan dalam
alat friabilator</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">b)</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Tunngu samapai 100 putaran, Atur skala pada skala 0
setelah itu putar pelan-pelan sampai tabletpecah</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">c)</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Diambil tablet, kemudian ditimbang</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">d)</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Hitung kerapuhan tablet</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 4.5pt 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">IX.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">QUALITY CONTROL PADA PRODUK
JADI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Produk
yang telah jadi kemudian akan dilakukan pengujian akhir. Selama pengujian
berlangsung, sampel harus dimasukkan ke ruang karantina dahulu. Jika telah
“LULUS” olleh bagian QC direlease oleh QO, barulah produk tersebut dapat
diteruskan ke ruang pengemasan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Untuk
penanganan pertinggal, disimpan sampel dari setiap batch, kemudian dikarantina
dalam kondisi suhu ruangan. Pengambilan sampel pertinggal tiap batch dengan
perincian yaitu untuk kemasan strip sebanyak 20 buah. Tujuan penanganan
pertinggal adalah untuk memantau apakah suatu batch obat memenuhi persyaratan
mutunya selama waktu peredaran yang telah ditentukan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">X.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">PENGEMASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Bagian pengemasan Industri Three Pharm terbagi menjadi 2 unit yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Pengemasan Primer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Penegmasan primer meliputi stripping,
blistering dan botol. Tablet Rifampisin menggunakan strip. Jumlah sampel yang
diambil sesuai dengan row mesin stripping, bila mesin memiliki 4 row (satu kali
stripping menghasilkan 4 strip) maka yang diuji 4 strip. Untuk menjamin mutu
hasil pengemasan maka selalu dilakukan IPC. IPC untuk pengemasan primer
meliputi pemeriksaan isi setiap kemasan (volume control), daya lekat strip atau
blister yang tidak terisi tablet. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Pengemasan Sekunder<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Pengemasan sekunder dan
tersier dilakukan dalam ruangan F yang meliputi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Coding : pemberian nomor
batc daan expired date pada etiket dan dos<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Pemberian brosus/insert<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Memasukkan hasil pengemasan
primer ke dalam box (dus) dan master box
(karton).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 13.5pt .25in 27.0pt 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Ssupervisor IPC Pengemasan akan melaukan
pemeriksaan secara manual dan diperiksa selama proses pengemasan sekunder.
Hal-hal yang diperiksa meliput pemeriksaan penandaan (Np. Batch, Expired Date,
Nama Obat), kebenaran jumlah/isi dus, leaflet atau brosur dan estetika.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">XI.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">GUDANG<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Gudang Karantina<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 13.5pt .25in 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Barnag yang telah siap kemudian akan dikirim
ke gudang karantina guna menunggu hasil pengujian (<i>final inspections</i>) oleh bagian QC meliputi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo50; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Penyiapan Label : kebenaran label, hasil cetakan/printing
No.Batch, Manufacturing Datedan Expired Datee<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo50; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Pelipatan Insert : kebenaran insert, insert cacat/rusak,
kerapian lipatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo50; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Printing Box dan Master Box : kebenaran dus dan karton, kebenaran
penandaan No. Batch, Expired Date dan Manufacturing Date.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo50; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Pengepakan : Kebenaran isi,
kebenaran box dan master box, kebenaran insert.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Setelah
pengemasan selesai juga dilakukan penimbangan master box sesuai dengan bobot
yang ditentukan. Master box yang sudah ditimbang ditempatkan diruang karantina.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Gudang Obat Jadi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Master box yang telah disetujui bagian QC
kemudian akan segera dipindahkan ke gudang obat jadi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">XII.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">DISTRIBUSI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Produk siap diproduksikan kepada PBF,
distributor dan pelanggan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Badan Pengawasan
Obat dan Makanan, 2001, <i>Petunjuk Operasional Penerapan Cara Pembuatan Obat
yang Baik</i><b>,</b> Departemen Kesehatan
Republik Indonesia, Badan POM, Jakarta. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Badan Pengawasan
Obat dan Makanan, 2006, <i>Pedoman Cara Pembuatan Obat yang Baik</i><b>,</b> Departemen Kesehatan Republik
Indonesia, Jakarta </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Fatmawaty, Aisyah. 2010. <i>Farmasi
Industri</i>, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makasaar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><a href="http://ntaundaimena.blogspot.com/2013/06/farmasetika-tablet-salut.html?m=1"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">http://ntaundaimena.blogspot.com/2013/06/farmasetika-tablet-salut.html?m=1</span></b></a></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">diakses tanggal 8 Mei 2014.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.informasiobat.com/rifampisin"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">http://www.informasiobat.com/rifampisin</span></b></a></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">diakses tanggal 8 Mei 2014</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Lachman, dkk., 1994, <i>Teori dan
Praktek Farmasi Industri</i>, Jilid II, UI Press, Jakarta.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Priyambodo, Bambang. 2007. <i>Manajemen
Farmasi Industri</i>. Global pustaka Utama. Yogyakarta.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7529126109384346954.post-41771504091744129042014-05-06T01:57:00.000+08:002014-05-06T02:02:50.276+08:00Penggunaan Kombinasi Obat, Amankah?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Assalamu'alaikum wr. wb.<br />
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Sobat blog reader, seperti yang kita ketahui bahwa penggunaan obat bukanlah hal yang jarang ditemukan. Sebagian besar konsumen sudah menerapkan upaya pengobatan sendiri baik untuk penggunaan individu maupun untuk keluarganya. Pengetahuan tersebut mereka dapatkan dengan bebas melalui sesuatu yang kita sebut "internet". Namun ada hal yang kurang mereka pahami mengenai penggunaan obat secara bebas tanpa pengetahuan dan informasi yang tepat. <br />
<a name='more'></a>Terutama bagi penggunaan obat secara bersamaan atau yang kita tahu kombinasi obat. Upaya tersebut mungkin bertujuan baik, namun dengan sedikitnya informasi yang dimiliki akan berdampak buruk bagi pengguna obat. Penggunaan obat secara bersamaan dapat menimbulkan interaksi di dalam tubuh. Interaksi obat sendiri terbagi menjadi 3, yaitu: Interaksi Farmasetika, Interaksi Farmakokinetik dan Interaksi Farmakodinamik.</div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0Dg9gGlifD8/U2fNf8X2o9I/AAAAAAAAHO4/6sJ57rCr8Wc/s1600/o.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0Dg9gGlifD8/U2fNf8X2o9I/AAAAAAAAHO4/6sJ57rCr8Wc/s1600/o.png" height="419" width="640" /></a></div>
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Tentunya dengan kombinasi obat yang tepat dapat meningkatkan efektifitas dari obat tertentu sehingga hasil yang diharapkan dapat dicapai. Tapi tidak semua obat dapat dikombinasikan Terdapat obat-obatan tertentu yang tidak boleh dikombinasikan penggunaannya bersama dengan obat lain. Karena dapat merusak sasaran atau tujuan terapi, seperti : meningkatkan konsentrasi obat sehingga yang diperoleh bukanlah efek terapi melainkan efek toksik (keracunan); efek kerja obat menurun, sehingga pengobatan tidak efektif; peningkatan aksi obat berlebihan sehingga menimbulkan efek samping yang tak diinginkan dan masih banyak hal-hal lain yang tidak diinginkan dapat terjadi dengan penggunaan kombinasi obat yang salah.</div>
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Jika ada di antara para pembaca yang pernah atau ingin menggunakan obat-obatan yang dikombinasikan, sebaiknya ditanyakan lebih dahulu kepada tenaga kesehatan yang sesuai dibidangnya yaitu Apoteker. Baik mengenai tepat obatnya juga tepat dosis agar mencegah terjadinya medikal error yang berujung pada kegagalan tujuan terapi.</div>
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Semoga coretan singkat ini dapat memberikan sedikit informasi yang bermanfaat pada para sobat blog reader.. ^^</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7529126109384346954.post-48123231393471460552013-07-11T01:11:00.001+08:002014-05-06T01:56:27.447+08:00ANOVA = ANAVA<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Sebenarnya tujuan reposting saya ini, hanya sebagai penambah pengetahuan kepada teman-teman sekalian mengenai analisis statistika khususnya ANOVA.<span style="font-family: inherit;"> <strong style="background-color: #eeeeee; color: #444444; line-height: 21.59375px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">ANOVA </strong><span style="background-color: #eeeeee; color: #444444; line-height: 21.59375px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sendiri berasal dari</span><strong style="background-color: #eeeeee; color: #444444; line-height: 21.59375px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Analysis of Variances</em></strong><span style="background-color: #eeeeee; color: #444444; line-height: 21.59375px;">, dalam bahasa Indonesia uji ini dikenal/diterjemahkan sebagai </span><strong style="background-color: #eeeeee; color: #444444; line-height: 21.59375px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">ANAVA = Analisis Variansi</strong><span style="background-color: #eeeeee; color: #444444; line-height: 21.59375px;">. terserah teman-teman boleh pakai </span><strong style="background-color: #eeeeee; color: #444444; line-height: 21.59375px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">ANOVA</strong><span style="background-color: #eeeeee; color: #444444; line-height: 21.59375px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> atau </span><strong style="background-color: #eeeeee; color: #444444; line-height: 21.59375px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">ANAVA</strong><span style="background-color: #eeeeee; color: #444444; line-height: 21.59375px;">. </span></span>Jujur saya sendiri sebelumnya mengalami kesulitan dalam menyusun TA saya, karena belum memahami hasil data yang satu ini. Dan alhamdulillah akhirnya saya menemukan satu blog bernama "<a href="http://dadanghusori.wordpress.com/">catatan ringan</a>", yang menjelaskan dengan singkat namun sangat mudah dipahami dengan bahasanya yang sederhana. Berikut isinya :<br />
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<blockquote>
Hasil Uji Anava dengan SPSS:<a href="http://dadanghusori.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/anova1.jpg" style="color: #bb4411; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-93" src="http://dadanghusori.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/anova1.jpg?w=500" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 4px;" title="Anova1" /></a><a href="http://dadanghusori.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/anova3.jpg" style="color: #bb4411; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-94" src="http://dadanghusori.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/anova3.jpg?w=500" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 4px;" title="Anova3" /></a>Membaca F tabel Anava (lihat Daftar I statistik)<br />
v1 = dk pembanding (dk antar kelompok)<br />
v1 = dk penyebut (dk dalam kelompok)<br />
Contoh: tabel hasil uji anava AUC dengan SPSS (tabel paling atas), diperoleh dkantar kelompok(pembanding) = 4, dkdalam kelompok (penyebut) = 25, pada alfa=0.05 maka nilai F tabelnya adalah F0,05(4,25) = 2,76 (baca: Nilai F pada tingkat kepercayaan dengan 5 kelompok uji dan 30 partisipan partisipan adalah 2,76). Sedang F hitung = 8.082. Nilai Fhitung > Ftabel, 8,082 > 2,76. Maka H0 ditolak pada taraf nyata 0,05 (<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">H1 diterima</strong>). Kesimpulannya, pada lima kelompok yang diuji <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">memiliki perbedaan yang nyata (signifikan)</strong> dalam nilai AUC.<br />
<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Namun, dimanakah letak perbedaannya?</em>Anava hanya menunjukkan apakah terdapat perbedaan atau tidak dari kelompok yang diuji. Jika hasil uji menunjukkan adanya perbedaan rerata antar kelompok (H0 ditolak) maka untuk mengetahui dimana letak perbedaan rerata antar kelompok yang diuji harus dilakukan <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">uji lanjutan</strong> (<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">post hoc test</em>).<br />
Jika hasil uji Anava menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan (H0 diterima) maka sebenarnya tidak perlu dilakukan uji lanjutan.</blockquote>
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sumber : <a href="http://dadanghusori.wordpress.com/2009/12/22/interpretasi-hasil-uji-anava-3/#comment-29">http://dadanghusori.wordpress.com/2009/12/22/interpretasi-hasil-uji-anava-3/</a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7529126109384346954.post-29687870387601354052013-07-11T01:03:00.000+08:002014-05-06T01:56:42.579+08:00Hepatotoksisitas Parasetamol<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Parasetamol atau N-asetil-p-aminofenol adalah derivat dari para-amino fenol yang memiliki khasiat dan digunakan secara luas dalam klinik sebagai analgesik-antipiretik (Keeffe et al, 2004). Parasetamol sebagian besar (±80%) dimetabolisme di dalam hati, terkonjugasi dengan asam glukuronat dan sulfat dan sebagian kecil dioksidasi oleh enzim sitokrom P-450 di hati menjadi metabolit reaktif N-asetil-benzo-paraquinon-imina (NABQI) atau sering disebut juga N-asetil-p-benzokuinon-imina (NAPBKI) (Wallace, 2004; Vandenberghe, 1996).</span></div>
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<a href="http://dadanghusori.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/nabqi.jpg" style="color: #bb4411; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-287" src="http://dadanghusori.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/nabqi.jpg?w=500" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 4px;" title="nabqi" /></span></a><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Pemberian parasetamol dosis toksik menghasilkan metabolit reaktif yang melimpah. Hal ini dipercaya sebagai senyawa yang menimbulkan kerusakan pada hati (Jaeschke et al, 2002). Mekanisme toksisitasnya sampai saat ini masih cukup kontroversial. Secara umum mekanismenya dapat dibagi menjadi dua yaitu melalui antaraksi kovalen dan antaraksi nirkovalen. Antaraksi kovalen, terjadi karena pemberian Parasetamol dosis toksik akan menguras kandungan Glutation/GSH-sitosol sehingga NAPBKI akan berikatan secara kovalen dengan makromolekul protein sel hati, yang mengakibatkan terjadinya kerusakan sel (Kedderis,1996; Tirmenstein & Nelson, 1990; Gillette, 1981).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">GSH merupakan jalur detoksifikasi NABQI pada metabolime fase II yang efisien untuk semua metabolit reaktif yang mengandung elektrofil. Pengurangan jumlah GSH akibat berikatan secara kovalen dengan NABQI akan memicu proses patobiologi seperti peroksidasi lemak dan siklus redoks. Hidroperoksida akan menyebabkan terjadinya stress oksidatif langsung pada gugus sulfhidril dan menginisiasi terbentuknya radikal bebas. Proses-proses tersebut akan memicu dimulainya mekanisme ketiga yaitu terjadinya kematian sel menyebabkan sel rentan terkena efek toksik dari metabolit reaktif (Kedderis,1996). Nitrit oksida juga memegang peranan penting pada terjadinya kerusakan sel hati (James et al, 2003).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Sedangkan antaraksi nirkovalen melibatkan pembentukan radikal bebas N-asetil-p-semikuinonimina (NAPSKI) pembangkitan oksigen reaktif, anion superoksida serta gangguan homeostasis Ca yang semuanya akan menyebabkan terjadinya kerusakan sel hati (Kedderis,1996; Chan et al., 2001). Proses kerusakan sel hati diawali oleh kerusakan DNA yang kemudian berlanjut menjadi terjadinya hepato-sitotoksisitas (Oshida et al, 2008; Farkas & Tannenbaum, 2005).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span id="more-231" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Referensi:</strong><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Chan, K, Han, XD, Kan, YW, (2001), An Important Function of Nrf2 in Combating Oxidative Stress: Detoxification of Acetaminophen, Proc. <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Natl. Acad. Sci</em>. USA, Vol. 98 No. 8, pp 4611-16</span></div>
<div style="color: #444444; line-height: 21.59375px; margin-bottom: 13px; margin-top: 13px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Farkas D, Tannenbaum SR, (2005), Characterization of Chemically Induced Hepatotoxicity in Collagen Sandwiches of Rat Hepatocytes, <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Toxicological Sciences</em>, Vol. 85, pp 927–934</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Gillete, J.R., (1981), An Integrated Approach to the study of Chemically Reactive Metabolites of Acetaminophen, <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Arch. Intern. Med.</em>, Vol. 141 No. 3, pp 375-379</span></div>
<div style="color: #444444; line-height: 21.59375px; margin-bottom: 13px; margin-top: 13px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Jaeschke H, Gores GJ, Cederbaum AI, Hinson JA, Pessayre D, Lemasters JJ (2002), Mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Toxicol, Sci.</em>, Vol. 65 No. 2, pp 166–76.</span></div>
<div style="color: #444444; line-height: 21.59375px; margin-bottom: 13px; margin-top: 13px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">James LP, Mayeux PR, Hinson JA, (2003). Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity, <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Drug Metab. Dispos.</em>, Vol. 31 No. 12, pp 1499–506</span></div>
<div style="color: #444444; line-height: 21.59375px; margin-bottom: 13px; margin-top: 13px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Kedderis GL, (1996), Biochemical Basis of Hepatocellular Injury, Toxicology Pathology, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp 77-83<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Keeffe, Emmet B; Friedman, Lawrence M, (2004), <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Handbook of Liver diseases</em>. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Electronic Book, pp. 104–123.</span></div>
<div style="color: #444444; line-height: 21.59375px; margin-bottom: 13px; margin-top: 13px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Oshida K, Iwanaga E, Miamoto-Kuramitsu K, Miyamoto Y, (2008), An in vivo comet assay of multiple organs (liver, kidney and bone marrow) in mice treated with methyl methanesulfonate and acetaminophen accompanied by hematology and/or blood chemistry, <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The Journal of Toxicological Sciences</em>, Vol. 33 pp 515-524</span></div>
<div style="color: #444444; line-height: 21.59375px; margin-bottom: 13px; margin-top: 13px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Tirmenstein, M.A. and Nelson, S.D., 1990, Acetaminophen-Induced Oxidation of Protein Thiols. Contribution of Impaired Thiol-Metabolizing Enzymes and the Breakdown of Adenin Nucleotides, <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">J. Biol. Chem.</em>, Vol. 265, No. 6, pp 3059 – 3065</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Vandenberghe, J., (1996), Hepatotoxicology:mechanisms of liver toxicity and methodological aspect, In Niesink, R.J.M., de Vries, J., Hollinger, M.A. Toxicology: Principles and Applications, CRC Press. New York</span></div>
<div style="color: #444444; line-height: 21.59375px; margin-bottom: 13px; margin-top: 13px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Wallace JL, (2004), Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: NO to the rescue, <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Br. J. Pharmacol.</em>, Vol. 143, No. 1, pp 1–2</span></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<a href="http://dadanghusori.wordpress.com/2010/01/17/hepatotoksisitas-parasetamol/#comment-30" style="background-color: #f3f3f3;">http://dadanghusori.wordpress.com/2010/01/17/hepatotoksisitas-parasetamol/</a></blockquote>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7529126109384346954.post-1384567507195113842013-04-09T10:35:00.000+08:002013-04-09T10:36:19.865+08:00PENGGUNAAN OBAT PADA KEHAMILAN DAN MENYUSUI<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Teratogenesis</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Teratos (monster) – Genesis (generation, birth)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Adalah bahan yang dapat menyebabkan atau berpengaruh terhadap malformasi atau kelainan fisiologis janin.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Teratogen : setiap faktor yang menyebabkan teratogenesis</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Faktor Penyebab :</span><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Unknown : 65 – 70%</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Genetik : 20%</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Chromosom aberration : 5-10%</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Faktor lingkungan (Maternal/fetal) : 5-10%</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Obat : 2-5%</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Infeksi : 2 – 3% (CMV, rubella)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Penyakit : 1-2% (Epilepsi)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Radiasi : < 1%<a name='more'></a></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Fetotoxin</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Obat, yang digunakan oleh wanita hamil dan menyebabkan ‘fetal toxicity’</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Fetal toxicity : reaksi efek yang tidak diharapkan dari obat pada dosis terapi</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Contoh obat yang bersifat teratogen:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"> Tetrasiklin</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"> Fenitoin </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"> Penisilamin</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"> Litium</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"> NSAID</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br style="line-height: 18px;" /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Teratogenesis dipengaruhi oleh:</span><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Kemampuan obat berpindah melalui sawar uri</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Efek farmakologis dan idiosinkrasi</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Waktu terjadinya pemaparan obat</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Kemampuan obat berpindah melalui sawar uri</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Lebih mudah dilakukan oleh obat yang lipofil dan tidak terionisasi. </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Obat yang bersifat basa cenderung terperangkap dalam sirkulasi darah janin. </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Hal ini dimanfaatkan untuk pengobatan janin, contoh: flekainid.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Mekanisme transfer </span><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Difusi sederhana (untuk sebagian besar obat)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Difusi yang difasilitasi (glukosa)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Transport aktif (beberapa vitamin, asam amino)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Pinositosis (antibodi sistem imun)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Perusakan antar sel (eritrosit)</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Faktor yang mempengaruhi perpindahan obat pd sawar uri</span><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Berat molekul</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Kelarutan dalam lemak</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Ionisasi</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Ikatan protein</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Aliran darah dlm umbilikal dan uterus</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Penyakit pada ibu</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Efek farmakologis dan idiosinkrasi</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Obat-obat tertentu memberi efek farmakologis yang lebih kuat secara langsung pada janin</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Contoh: kortikosteroid dosis besar</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Sifatnya idiosinkrasi</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><i>Waktu pemaparan obat (1)</i></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Pada 2 minggu pertama konsepsi: efek “semua atau sama sekali tidak”.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Pada trimester pertama (10 minggu pertama = organogenesis) : paling berisiko besar terhadap perkembangan janin.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Pada trimester kedua dan ketiga: dapat mempengaruhi pertumbuhan serta perkembanagn fungsional janin atau efek toksik pada jaringan janin.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br style="line-height: 18px;" /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><i>Waktu pemaparan obat (2)</i></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Diberikan sesaat sebelum kelahiran: memberikan efek samping pada saat kelahiran atau pada neonatus setelah kelahiran.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Perhatikan: obat yang teratogenik yang dihentikan pemakaiannya sebelum konsepsi dapat tetap ada di tubuh selama organogenesis.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Penyebab malformasi kongenital</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Monogenic origin</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Abnormalitas kromosom</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Interaksi antara hereditary tendencies dan nongenetic, environmental factors</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Environmental factors</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Tidak diketahui pasti (unknown)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br style="line-height: 18px;" /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Environmental factors</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Teratogenic viruses: </span><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">fetal rubella syndrome (katarak, penyakit jantung, tuli)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Cytomegalovirus infection,menyebabkan tuli, retardasi mental</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Protozoa:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Toxoplasma gondii, toksisitas yg terjadi: hepatosplenomegali, ikterus, maculopapular rash, hidrosefalus, mikrosefalus, korioretinitis, kalsifikasi serebral</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Perubahan farmakokinetika selama kehamilan</span><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Distribusi :</span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"> terjadi peningkatan kadar air dan lemak total dalam tubuh, sehingga volume distribusi untuk kebanyakan obat meningkat.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Metabolisme :</span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"> progesteron endogen yang meningkat pada kehamilan dapat menginduksi enzim sehingga metabolisme obat tertentu meningkat.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Ekskresi :</span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"> laju filtrasi glomeruler meningkat sampai 50% pada saat kehamilan sampai kelahiran. Sehingga klirens obat yang diekskresi melalui ginjal dalam bentuk tak berubah akan meningkat.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Obat yang bersifat teratogenik</span><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Antineoplastik: Metotreksat</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Penghambat ACE</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Antitiroid</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Barbiturat</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Karbamazepin</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Kokain</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Turunan kumarin</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Dietilstilbestrol</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Etanol (dosis tinggi)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Litium</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Penggunaan obat saat menyusui</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Anggapan yang salah:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"> Kebanyakan obat dapat dikeluarkan melalui ASI. Namun karena obat terencerkan pada tubuh ibu serta jumlah ASI yang terminum hanya sedikit, berarti obat tidak memberikan efek samping yang bermakna pada bayi yang disusui.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Risiko kepada bayi tergantung pd:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Bioavailabilitas obat pada ibu</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Jumlah obat yang mencapai ASI</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Jumlah obat yang dicerna oleh bayi</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Bioavailabilitas obat pada bayi yang menyusui</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Perpindahan obat melalui ASI, dipengaruhi oleh:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Parameter pada ibu</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"> dosis obat – lama terapi - rute pemberian – frekuensi pemberian-metabolisme-klirens ginjal- aliran darah ke payudara- ph ASI – komposisi ASI - kadar obat yang mencapai ASI. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">2. Parameter dari obat</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"> bioavailabilitas pada ibu dan bayi, berat molekul, pKa obat, kelarutan pada lemak, ikatan protein </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">- pH ASI (6,9) < pH plasma (7,4)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"> kapasitas ikatan protein lebih rendah</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"> kadar lemak lebih tinggi</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Parameter pada bayi</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"> Umur bayi – pola/waktu makan/menyusui – jumlah ASI yang dikonsumsi – absorpsi – distribusi – metabolisme dan eliminasi obat</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Sifat fisikokimia obat</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">pKa</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"> obat yang bersifat basa akan lebih banyak terdistribusi hingga ASI daripada obat yang bersifat asam.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Ikatan protein</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"> obat yang banyak berikatan dengan protein cenderung tetap berada pada plasma ibu.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Lipofilitas </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"> semakin lipofil obat, semakin banyak mencapai ASI.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Obat yang dikontra indikasikan saat menyusui </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Amfetamin</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Antineoplastik</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Bromokriptin</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Kokain</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Ergotamin</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Etanol</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Heroin</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Obat imunosupresan</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Litium</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Reaksi alergi dan menyusui</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Tidak dapat diramalkan dan tidak bergantung kepada dosis</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Secara teoretis, dapat menyebabkan hipersensitivitas pada bayi pada kadar yang terlalu rendah untuk memberikan efek farmakologis</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Ibu harus segera menghentikan pemakaian obat apabila bayi menunjukkan reaksi hipersensitivitas.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Obat yang dapat mempengaruhi produksi ASI</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Obat yang menurunkan produksi ASI:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"> estrogen </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"> diuretik tiazid (Contoh : HCT)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"> antagonis serotonin (siproheptadin)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"> agonis dopamin (bromokriptin)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Obat yang meningkatkan produksi ASI: antagonis dopamin (metoklopramid)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br style="line-height: 18px;" /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Pedoman peresepan obat kepada ibu hamil</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Pertimbangkan perawatan tanpa obat</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Obat hanya diresepkan jika manfaat yang diperoleh ibu lebih besar daripada risiko kepada janin</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Hindari penggunaan obat pada trimester pertama</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Apabila diperlukan, gunakan obat yang keamanannya terhadap ibu hamil telah diketahui dengan pasti, pada dosis efektif terendah, penggunaan sesingkat mungkin</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Pedoman peresepan obat kepada ibu hamil (2)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Obat harus digunakan pada dosis efektif terkecil dan jangka waktu sesingkat mungkin</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Hindari polifarmasi</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Pertimbangkan penyesuaian dosis dan pemantauan pengobatan pada beberapa obat, seperti misalnya fenitoin, litium.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Pedoman peresepan obat kepada ibu menyusui</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Penggunaan obat yang tidak diperlukan harus dihindari</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Jika harus menggunakan obat, pertimbangkan manfaat/risiko pada ibu dan bayi</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Pilih rute pemberian dan pembagian obat yang menghasilkan kadar obat terkecil dalam ASI</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Jika diberikan obat pada ibu menyusui, maka bayi harus dipantau secara cermat.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Pedoman peresepan obat kepada ibu menyusui (2)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Hentikan sementara menyusui apabila:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Jika obat diketahui memiliki efek berbahaya bagi bayi yang disusui</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Jika obat sangat poten, sehingga kadar yang sedikit dalam ASI dapat membahayakan bayi</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Jika ibu mengalami gangguan fungsi ginjal dan hati</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Hindari penggunaan obat baru</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br style="line-height: 18px;" /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Kategori Risiko Penggunaan Obat pada Kehamilan (FDA)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Kategori Risiko Penggunaan Obat pada Kehamilan (ADEC)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Kategori Risiko Penggunaan Obat pada Masa Menyusui menurut FDA </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br style="line-height: 18px;" /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Contoh Kategori Risiko Penggunaan Obat (FDA)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br style="line-height: 18px;" /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Obat Bahan Alam yang sebaiknya dihindari pada kehamilan/menyusui karena tidak diketahui dengan pasti keamanannya</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 18px;">http://apoteker-istn.blogspot.com/2010/03/penggunaan-obat-pada-kehamilan-dan.html</span></span></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7529126109384346954.post-8986787010878604042013-04-03T16:00:00.002+08:002013-04-03T16:23:46.789+08:00PHARMACEUTICAL CARE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">I. PHARMACEUTICAL CARE</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">1. Definisi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Pharmaceutical care adalah paradigma baru pelayanan kefarmasian yang merupakan bagian dari pelayanan kesehatan (health care) dan bertujuan untuk meningkatkan penggunaan obat yang rasional, aman, dan efisien demi mencapai peningkatan kualitas hidup manusia.</span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">2. Tujuan</span></span></div>
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<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">menyembuhkan penyakit</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span> </span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">mengurangi gejala penyakit</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span> </span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">menahan penyebaran/memperlambat proses penyakit</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span> </span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">mencegah penyakit/penyebab penyakit<a name='more'></a></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">3. Dispensing pharmacy</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Merupakan bagian meracik obat/menyiapkan obat bagi pasien sedemikian rupa sehingga pasien mendapatkan obat yang efektif, aman dan bermutu.</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"></span></span>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">4. Clinical pharmacy</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Merupakan pelayanan farmasi yang berinteraksi langsung dalam proses penggunaan obat untuk mencapai efektifitas, keamanan, ketepatan serta peningkatan rasionalitas penggunaan obat berdasarkan penerapan ilmu teknologi dan fungsi dalam perawatan pasien di dalam suatu sistem pelayanan kesehatan.</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">5. Peranan profesi farmasi dalam melaksanakan Pharmaceutical Care:</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Mengidentifikasi Drug Related Problem (DRP)</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Mencegah Drug Related Problem (DRP)</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Memecahkan Drug Related Problem (DRP)</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">6. Definisi dan Kategori DRP</span></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Drug Related Problem (DRP) merupakan masalah yang timbul karena penggunaan obat. </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kategori :</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></blockquote>
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<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Tidak tepat indikasi</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Misalnya : pada pasien demam berdarah diberikan obat penurun panas (Paracetamol, Asetosal)</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Tidak tepat regimen (dosis, cara pemberian)</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Misalnya : Obat – obat maag tidak tepat diberikan setelah makan.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Tidak tepat obat</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Misalnya : Paracetamol tidak tepat untuk pasien gagal ginjal</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Adanya interaksi obat</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Misalnya : Pemberian Tetracyclin diberikan dengan Antasida (terutama yang mengandung unsur Calcium dan Aluminium) akan mengurangikerja Tetracyclin, karena terjadi ikatan kompleks dengan Tetracyclin yang tidak dapat melarut dalam cairan gastro – intestinal.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Masalah karena efek samping obat</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Misalnya : Obat jantung dapat menyebabkan batuk jadi perlu ditambah obat batuk dan akan memberikan efek samping yang lain</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">f. Tidak mendapat obat</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Misalnya : tidak mempunyai uang, obat kosong, obat tidak diminum.</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">II. MANAGEMENT DRUG SUPPLY</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Di Rumah Sakit yang melakukan pemilihan/seleksi obat adalah PFT (Panitia Farmasi & Terapi). </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kegiatan seleksi obat (acuan dalam seleksi obat) :</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Obat harus sesuai dengan pola penyakit</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Contoh : Di Rumah Sakit bersalin tidak boleh menggunakan obat jantung</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Obat yang sudah terbukti efektifitas dan keamanannya</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Contoh : Obat A dengan efek samping 5 dan efek terapi 3</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Obat B dengan efek samping 3 dan efek terapi 1</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Jadi obat B yang dipilih</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Obat yang banyak data ilmiah atau publikasi yang lebih banyak</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> → memudahkan dalam menilai suatu obat</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Obat dengan stabilitas dan bioavailabilitas yang lebih baik</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Contoh : Paracetamol yang berasal dari pabrik A tidak sesuai dengan CPOB (zat aktif jelek, formulasi tablet yang terlalu keras) dibandingkan dengan pabrik B.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Obat tunggal bukan campuran</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Contoh : Jika obat sudah tersedia dalam bentuk tablet maka tidak perlu menggunakan sediaan sirup</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">f. Rasio manfaat yang ekonomis</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Contoh : </span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">III. ASEPTIC DISPENSING</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">1. Definisi : Melakukan kegiatan dalam suasana steril untuk sediaan yang sudah steril dan menghasilkan sediaan yang steril (bukan hasil sterilisasi).</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Proses awal sampai akhir dilakukan secara steril</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Memindahkan sediaan yang steril</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Produk jadi tidak dilakukan proses sterilisasi</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Keberhasilan proses tergantung keterampilan dan proses pengerjaan</span></li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
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</span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">2. Tujuan :</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Menyiapkan sediaan untuk kebutuhan obat atau cairan yang :</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Perlu dilakukan pelarutan sebelum digunakan </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Pemberian obat dalam jangka waktu yang lama</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Tidak stabil - Dicampur sebelum sebelum digunakan</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Penggunaan secara individu</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Tidak steril jika digunakan secara kombinasi</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Proteksi bahan berbahaya terhadap pekerja</span></li>
</ul>
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</span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">3. Perbedaan aseptik dispensing dengan produk steril</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">• Aseptik dispensing : bahan bakunya sudah disterilkan, jadi tinggal dilkakukan pencampuran</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">• Produk steril : Bahan baku belum steril sehingga diperlukan proses sterilisasi terlebih dahulu</span></div>
</span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">4. Jenis kegiatan/pelayanan :</span></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Total Parenteral Nutrisi (TPN)</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Pencampuran karbohidrat, protein, lipid, vitamin dan elektrolit sesuai dengan yang dibutuhkan menjadi suatu sediaan yang siap pakai.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Pelaksananya merupakan kerjasama tim dokter, ahli gizi, farmasis.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">IV admixture</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Penyiapan sediaan intravena ujntuk kebutuhan masing-masing pasien sesuai dengan dosis yang diperlukan.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Pencampuran obat kanker/Cytotoxic drug</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Pencampuran/penyediaan obat kanker ke dalam cairan pembawa sesuai dosis yang dibutuhkan.</span></li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
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</span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">IV. PRODUKSI FARMASI</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">1. Alasan kenapa di Rumah Sakit harus ada produksi</span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Tidak tersedianya produk dipasaran untuk penyakit yang tida biasa atau persediaan dipasaran tidak kontinyu</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Dibutuhkan obat formula khusus Rumah Sakit</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Dapat diproduksi dengan harga yang lebih murah tetapi mutu tetap terjamin sehingga dapat mengurangi biaya obat-obatan pasien</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Agar terjadi hubungan kerja antara dokter dan apoteker di RS</span></li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
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</span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">2. Produksi Farmasi di Rumah Sakit</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18px;">3.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">4. Kebutuhan untuk menunjang pelayanan produksi</span></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ruang kepala yang terpisah</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Peralatan khusus</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Prosedur pengawasan yang terperinci untuk menghindari kemungkinan kesalahan</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Tersedianya personil teknis yang terlatih</span></li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">5. Alur barang dan pengendaliannya</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://apoteker-istn.blogspot.com/2010/03/pharmaceutical-care.html">http://apoteker-istn.blogspot.com/2010/03/pharmaceutical-care.html</a></div>
</span></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7529126109384346954.post-52003445405838594692013-04-02T16:04:00.001+08:002013-04-03T16:11:02.702+08:00PENGGUNAAN OBAT PADA ANAK DAN LANSIA<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">A. Penggunaan obat pada anak</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Penggunaan obat pada anak harus dipertimbangkan secara khusus karena </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">adanya perbedaan laju perkembangan/pematangan organ yang juga mencakup fungsi organ tubuh dan sistem dalam tubuh. </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Faktor farmakokinetika seperti absorpsi, distribusi, metabolisme dan ekskresi obat. </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Penggolongan usia anak berdasarkan perubahan biologis </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">neonatus/bayi baru lahir (4 minggu pertama setelah kelahiran, terjadi perubahan fungsi fisiologi yang sangat penting namun masih prematur) </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">bayi (1 bulan sampai 12 bulan), merupakan masa awal pertumbuhan yang pesat </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">anak-anak (1-12 tahun) adalah masa pertumbuhan secara bertahap, yang bisa terbagi menjadi anak usia 1-3 tahun, anak usia pra sekolah 3-5 tahun dan anak usia sekolah 6-12 tahun </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">remaja (13-17 tahun), merupakan akhir tahap perkembangan secara pesat hingga menjadi orang dewasa.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><br style="line-height: 18px;" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">1. Faktor yang perlu diperhatikan :</span><br />
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<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Farmakokinetika obat pada anak</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Dosis</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Pemberian obat</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Penyuluhan dan kepatuhan</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Efek samping pada anak</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Farmakokinetika obat pada anak</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Absorpsi</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Laju absorpsi dan jumlah yang terabsorpsi</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Waktu pengosongan lambung menyamai orang dewasa, pada bayi diatas 6 bulan</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Absorpsi perkutan pada neonatus dan bayi jauh lebih besar dibandingkan dengan orang dewasa</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Diare akut (kasus yang sering dijumpai pada anak) mengakibatkan penurunan absorpsi</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Farmakokinetika obat pada anak</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Distribusi</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Selama usia bayi, kadar air total dalam tubuh thd BB total memiliki prosentase yang lebih besar daripada anak yang lebih tua/orang dewasa. </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Obat yang larut air, diberikan dosis yang lebih besar pada neonatus untuk mendapat efek terapetik yang dikehendaki. </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Kadar albumin dan globulin pada bayi, rendah, sehingga obat tidak terikat pada protein lebih banyak shg kadar dalam darah meningkat.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">2. Farmakokinetika obat pada anak</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Metabolisme : </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Pada saat lahir, sebagian besar enzim yang terlibat dalam metabolisme obat belum terbentuk atau sudah ada namun dalam jumlah yang sangat sedikit.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Ekskresi : </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Laju filtrasi glomerulus pada bayi yang baru lahir lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan orang dewasa karena ginjalnya relatif belum berkembang dengan baik.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Dosis : </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Dosis obat untuk anak tidak dapat diekstrapolasikan dari dosis lazim orang dewasa. </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Metode yang dapat digunakan : </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Perhitungan dosis dalam mg/kg; </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Perhitungan dosis dalam mg/m2 ; </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Prosentase terhadap dosis dewasa (langkah terakhir yang dapat dilakukan, jika informasi diatas tidak tersedia)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Pemberian obat : </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Faktor yang menjadi pertimbangan sebelum suatu obat diberikan kepada seorang pasien anak :</span></li>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Rute pemberian yang diinginkan</span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Usia anak</span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Ketersediaan bentuk sediaan</span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Pengobatan lain yang sedang dijalani</span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Kondisi penyakit</span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Penyuluhan dan kepatuhan</span></i></blockquote>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Kepatuhan anak terhadap pengobatan sangat tergantung pada orang tua, atau pengasuh. </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Penyuluhan dengan melibatkan pasien anak dapat dilakukan pada pasien usia 8-10 tahun.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Hal-hal yang dapat mempengaruhi kepatuhan :</span></div>
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<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Formulasi (rasa)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Penampilan obat</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Kemudahan cara penggunaan</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Waktu pemberian obat (berhubungan dengan waktu tidur, waktu sekolah)</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Efek samping pada anak : </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Hal-hal yang harus diperhatikan untuk menghindari kemungkinan terjadinya efek samping :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Informasikan jika anak sedang minum obat bebas, suplemen makanan</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Tanyakan efek samping dari obat</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Amati apakah terjadi perubahan pada anak</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Ikuti petunjuk dosis dan cara pakai</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Untuk obat jangka panjang, jangan dihentikan mendadak</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">B. Penggunaan obat pada lansia</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">1. Masalah pada pemberian obat pada pasien usia lanjut </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Item yang sebenarnya tidak diperlukan ( diperkirakan 25 % ) </span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Petunjuk yang tidak memuaskan</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Frekuensi, interval dosis yg tdk sesuai</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Duplikasi terapi</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Interaksi obat</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">PERUBAHAN PADA USIA LANJUT</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><br style="line-height: 18px;" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">1. PERUBAHAN SOSIOLOGI </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">2. PERUBAHAN FISIOLOGI</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">3. PERUBAHAN FARMAKOKINETIK</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">4. PERUBAHAN FARMAKODINAMIK</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">PERUBAHAN FISIOLOGI</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Reduksi sekresi asam lambung</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Penurunan motilitas saluran cerna</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Reduksi luas permukaan total absorpsi</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Reduksi aliran darah jaringan </span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Reduksi ukuran hati</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Reduksi aliran darah hati</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Reduksi filtrasi glomerulus</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Reduksi filtrasi tubuler ginjal</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><br style="line-height: 18px;" /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">a. PERUBAHAN FARMAKOKINETIK </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Absorpsi : </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Penundaan pengosongan lambung, Reduksi sekresi asam lambung, Reduksi aliran darah jaringan. </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Contoh absorpsi berkurang : digoksin, tiamin, kalsium, besi.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Distribusi : a.) </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Komposisi tubuh : </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Total air dlm tubuh dan masa tubuh tanpa lemak (lean body mass), shg volume distribusi obat yang larut dlm air . Contoh digoksin dan simetidin. </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Total lemak dlm tubuh, shg distribusi obat yang larut dalam lemak </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Contoh : benzodiazepin seperti diazepam. b.) </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Ikatan plasma – protein : </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Jumlah albumin plasma menurun . </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Obat yang bersifat asam yang biasanya berikatan dengan protein, menjadi dalam keadaan bebas shg kadarnya meningkat. </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Contoh simetidin, furosemid, warfarin. c.) </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Aliran darah organ : </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Perubahan aliran darah akan perfusi pada anggota gerak, hati, mesenterium,otot jantung dan otak. </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Perfusi sampai 45 % dibanding usia 25 tahun. </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Pengaruh tidak siginifikan pada distribusi obat , walau ada penurunan kecept distribusi ke jaringan .</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Eliminasi : a.) </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Metabolisme hati dan ekskresi ginjal. </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Efek dosis tunggal akan diperpanjang. </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Metabolisme hati. </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Penurunan first metabolism, akan meningkatkan bioavailabilitas obat, contoh propranolol, labetolol, nifedipin, nitrat dan verapamil. </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Reduksi masa hati sebesar 35 % dimulai usia 30 s/d 90 tahun shg kapasitas metabolisme intrinsik hati menurun dan bioavailabilitas meningkat, toksisitas meningkat. b.) </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Eliminasi hati : </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Penurunan alirah darah hati, bioavailabilitas meningkat. </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Contoh nifedipin, shg efek hipotensi meningkat secara bermakna dan harus diwaspadai. c.) </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Perubahan enzimatik : kecepatan metabolisme sitokrom P 450 dapat menurun s/d 40 % jika dibanding pasien dewasa muda. Waspada pada obat dengan indeks terapi sempit karena bermakna secara klinis. d.) </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Eliminasi ginjal </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Penurunan aliran darah ginjal, ukuran organ , filtrasi glomerulus dan fungsi tubuler. </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Perubahan terjadi dengan tingkat yang berbeda untuk setiap individu. </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Kecepatan filtrasi glomerulus menurun 1 % / tahun setelah usia 40 tahun. </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Menyebabkan peningkatan kadar obat dalam jaringan sampai 50 % </span></li>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">b. PERUBAHAN FARMAKODINAMIK </span></div>
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<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">EFEK SAMPING OBAT : </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Pasien lansia berisiko tinggi terhadap toksisitas obat tertentu seperti benzodiazepin kerja panjang,OAINS, warfarin, heparin, aminoglikosida, isoniazid, tiazid dosis tinggi, antineoplastik dan antiaritmia. </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Contoh eso pada lansia : </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Postural hipotensi karena diuretik dan </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Prostatisme karena antikolinergik</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">FAKTOR RISIKO ESO PADA LANSIA : </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Polifarmasi : </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Interaksi obat – obat : </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Penggunaan bersamaan obat dengan efek samping mirip akan memperparah eso yang terjadi </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Interaksi obat dengan penyakit :</span></li>
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<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Interaksi obat dengan penyakit.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Pemberian OAINS, aminoglikosid, radiokontras pada pasien lansia dengan gagal ginjal kronik dapat </span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">terjadi gagal ginjal akut. </span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Pemberian kortikosteroid pada pasien lansia dengan osteopenia dapat terjadi fraktur.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Pemberian OAINS pada pasien lansia dengan hipertensi dapat terjadi peningkatan tekanan darah.</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">c. HAL-HAL YANG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN UNTUK MENCAPAI KEBERHASILAN FARMAKOTERAPI LANSIA</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">1. Dosis, keamanan dan manfaat dari obat.</span></div>
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<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Dosis umumnya diturunkan hingga 1/5, ttp berbeda untuk setiap individu.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Obat dengan indeks terapi sempit dimulai dengan 1/3 atau ½ dosis lazim.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Untuk obat yang eliminasi nya dipengaruhi (menurun), berikan 50 % dari dosis awal yg dianjurkan.</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">2. Jumlah obat yang diberikan</span></div>
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<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Semakin banyak jumlah obat polifarmasi dgn segala risiko</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">3. Kepatuhan pasien</span></div>
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<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"> Hanya 60 % yang patuh sedangkan 40 % pasien lansia meminum obat kurang dari yang diberikan dokter.</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">sumber :</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><a href="http://apoteker-istn.blogspot.com/2010/03/penggunaan-obat-pada-anak-dan-lansia.html">http://apoteker-istn.blogspot.com/2010/03/penggunaan-obat-pada-anak-dan-lansia.html</a></span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7529126109384346954.post-68605546969701511432013-03-27T10:10:00.000+08:002013-03-27T10:21:55.565+08:00Penjaga Hati --> Hepatoprotektor<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 22px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Hati merupakan organ yang paling besar yang terdapat dalam tubuh. Fungsi hati adalah mendetoksifikasi senyawa-senyawa racun serta melakukan biotransformasi senyawa obat agar lebih mudah dikeluarkan dari tubuh. Hepatosit tidak dapat memperbaharui selnya ketika mengalami kerusakan. Meskipun begitu, selama sebagian besar sel hati baik, maka organ hati dapat melakukan fungsinya secara utuh. Hepatoprotektor merupakan suatu senyawa obat yang dapat memberikan perlindungan pada hati dari kerusakan yang ditimbulkan oleh racun, obat, dan lain-lain. Sebagai indikator kerusakan hati dapat dilakukan pemeriksaan kandungan senyawa-senyawa dalam tubuh sperti kadar SGOT, SGPT, atau pemeriksaan imunokimia (bila diduga disebabkan oleh virus) dan pemeriksaan lainnya.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #aa0033; font-family: inherit; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pDh6Ot4IeIM/T5r8D5S630I/AAAAAAAAADk/pgHhURmSHTI/s1600/hati.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; color: #aa0033; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pDh6Ot4IeIM/T5r8D5S630I/AAAAAAAAADk/pgHhURmSHTI/s1600/hati.jpg" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.498039) 1px 1px 5px; border: none; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.498039) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" /></a></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 22px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">SGPT (<i>Serum Glutamic Piruvic Transaminase</i>) atau AST (Aspartat Transaminase) dan SGOT (<i>Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase</i>) atau ALT (Alanin Transaminase) merupakan enzim intraseluler yang dalam keadaan normal seharusnya berada didalam sel. Keduanya merupakan enzim transaminase yang berfungsi mengkatalisis reaksi kimia yang terjadi dalam sel. Ketika sel hati mengalami kerusakan, maka akan terjadi perubahan permeabilitas pada membran sel sehingga enzim-enzim yang seharusnya berada didalam sel akhirnya melarikan diri keluar sel dan berada dalam darah disebut transminase serum, karena enzim tersebut terdeteksi berada didalam serum (darah) dalam keadaan normal hanya sedikit yang berada pada serum darah.. Kadar SGOT normal berkisar antara 5-40 unit/L serum sementara kadar SGPT normal berkisar antara 7-56 unit/L serum.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 22px; text-indent: 21.25pt;">Hati adalah organ utama dalam metabolisme obat, terutama obat-obat peroral. Pada dasarnya enzim hati mengubah senyawa obat menjadi bahan yang lebih polar dan mudah larut dalam air sehingga mudah diekskresi melalui ginjal dan empedu. Terjadi </span><span style="line-height: 22px; text-indent: 21.25pt;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22px; text-indent: 21.25pt;">2 tahap reaksi dalam metabolisme obat. Pada tahap I, terjadi reaksi reduksi, hidrolisis, dan terutama oksidasi. Pada tahap ini </span><span style="line-height: 22px; text-indent: 21.25pt;">terkadang</span><b style="line-height: 22px; text-indent: 21.25pt;"> </b><span style="line-height: 22px; text-indent: 21.25pt;">terbentuk suatu bahan metabolit yang justru bersifat toksik, karena belum terjadi proses detoksifikasi. Pada tahap ke II, terjadi reaksi konjugasi dengan asam glukoronat, sulfat glisin dan lain-lain, sehingga terbentuk bahan yang relatif tidak toksik, mudah larut dalam air dan secara biologis kurang aktif. Metabolisme ini terjadi dalam mikrosom sel hati dengan peranan enzim NADPH C reduktase dan sitokrom P450 reduktase.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 22px; text-indent: 21.25pt;">Obat-obatan dapat memberikan efek samping, salah satunya adalah efek hepatotoksik, yaitu efek samping kerusakan sel-sel atau jaringan hati dan sekitarnya akibat konsumsi suatu obat.</span><br /><span style="line-height: 22px; text-indent: 21.25pt;">Pada dasarnya, obat dianggap sebagai penyebab kerusakan hati jika:</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">1.<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Obat tersebut terbukti menyebabkan kerusakan hati pada binatang percobaan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">2.<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Jika suatu obat menyebabkan gangguan pada hati saat dikonsumsi dan gangguan hati sembuh saat pemberian obat dihentikan, namun timbul kembali saat diberikan obat lagi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Efek hepatotoksik antara lain dapat berupa:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Kerusakan parenkim hati dengan cepat, menyerupai gejala hepatitis viral akut<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Kerusakan parenkim hati dengan lambat, menyerupai gejala hepatitis kronik aktif<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Infiltrasi lemak pada sel-sel hati, menyerupai gejala <i>fatty liver</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Menghambat ekskresi empedu sehingga menimbulkan ikterus obstruktif, menyerupai gejala kolestasis<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Merusak sel-sel saluran empedu secara perlahan-lahan, menyerupai gejala sirosis biliaris<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Menyebabkan granuloma sel-sel hati<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Menyebabkan luka pada parenkim hati, sehingga mendorong terbentuknya jaringan parut (fibrosis) menyerupai sirosis hati<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Mendorong terjadinya tumor hati<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Merusak sistem pembuluh darah portal hati</span></span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"> Penyebab hepatotoksik diduga bersifat multifaktorial, namun terdapat beberapa mekanisme yang sudah diketahui dapat membuat obat tertentu bersifat hepatotoksik, yaitu:</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Peroksidasi lipid</span></span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"> Radikal bebas yang terkandung dalam obat dapat memicu reaksi peroksidasi pada asam lemak tak jenuh pada retikulum endoplasma sel hati, sehingga terjadi degenerasi lemak dan nekrosis pada sel tersebut</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Stres oksidatif</span></span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"> Proses ini disebabkan pula oleh radikal bebas, serta dapat menyebabkan berkurangnya glutation dalam sel hati sehingga terjadi gangguan keseimbangan kalsium dan kerusakan sel</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Penghambatan oksidasi</span><span lang="IN">, juga dapat menyebabkan reaksi peroksidasi lipid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Penghambatan sintesis protein<b> </b></span><span lang="IN">melalui inhibisi enzim RNA polimerase, yang menyebabkan nekrosis lemak dan kematian sel<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Penghambatan transportasi asam empedu<b> </b></span><span lang="IN">pada sistem saluran kanalikuler intrahepatik<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Reaksi imunoalergenik, yaitu berupa reaksi sitotoksik akibat paparan antigen asing<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Efek karsinogenesis, terutama oleh metabolit obat yang sangat aktif atau teraktivasi berlebihan oleh substansi asing.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Dalam endoplasma retikulum hati, CCl<sub>4</sub> dimetabolisme oleh sitokrom P450 2EI menjadi radikal bebas triklorometil (CCL3*). Triklorometil dengan oksigen akan membentuk radikal triklorometilperoksi yang dapat menyerang membran lipid retikulum endoplasma dengan kecepatan yang melebihi radikal bebas triklorometil. Selanjutnya triklorometilperoksi menyebabkan peroksidasi lipid sehingga mengganggu homeostatis Ca<sup>2+</sup>, dan akhirnya menyebabkan kematian sel.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-indent: 28.35pt;">Selain CCl</span><sub style="line-height: 18px; text-indent: 28.35pt;">4</sub><span style="text-indent: 28.35pt;">, obat-obat berikut memiliki sifat hepatotoksik digolongkan berdasarkan efek hepatotoksik yang ditimbulkan.</span></span></div>
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<u><span lang="IN"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">1. Obat yang mengakibatkan gejala mirip hepatitis viral akut<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Alopurinol<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Antidepresan trisiklik<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Asam asetilsalisilat<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 22px;">- </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 22px;">Asamparaaminosalisilat<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Asam valproat<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Asebutolol<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Atenolol<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Dantrolen<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Diklofenak<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Diltiazem<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Enfluran<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Etambutol<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Etionamid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Fenelzin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Fenilbutazon<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Fenitoin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Fenobarbital<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Halotan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Ibuprofen<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Indometasin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Isoniazid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Karbamazepin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Ketokonazol<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Kuinidin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Kuinin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Labetalol<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Maprotilin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Naproksen<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Parasetamol<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Penisilin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Pirazinamid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Piroksikam<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Probenezid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Ranitidin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Simetidin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Sulfonamid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Surindak<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Verapamil<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<u><span lang="IN"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">2. Obat yang mengakibatkan gejala mirip hepatitis kronik aktif<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div>
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<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 5.75in;" valign="top" width="552"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Dantrolen<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Isoniazid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Metildopa<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Nitrofurantoin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Parasetamol (dosis besar dan jangka panjang)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<u><span lang="IN"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">3. Obat yang mengakibatkan gejala mirip <i>fatty liver<o:p></o:p></i></span></span></u></div>
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<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Antitiroid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Asam asetilsalisilat<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Asam valproat<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Fenitoin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Isoniazid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Metotreksat<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Tetrasiklin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Steroid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Sulfonamid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<u><span lang="IN"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">4. Obat yang mengakibatkan ikterus obstruktif<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Aktinomisin D<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 22px;">-</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 22px;">Amoksisilin + asam klavulanat<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Antidepresan trisiklik<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Azatioprin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Diazepam<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Disopiramid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Enalapril<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Eritromisin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Fenitoin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Flurazepam<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Flutamid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Gliburid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Griseofulvin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Haloperidol Kaptopril<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Karbamazepin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Karbimazol<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Ketokonazol<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Kloksasilin flekainid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Klordiazepoksid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Klorpropamid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Merkaptopurin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Metiltestosteron<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">NSAID<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Nifedipin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Nitrofurantoin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Noretandrolon<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Oksasilin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-</span><span lang="IN">Penisilamin Rifampisin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Sefalosporin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Siklofosfamid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Siklosporin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Sulfonamid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Tamoksifen<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Tiabendazol<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Tolbutamid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Verapamil<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<u><span lang="IN"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">5. Obat yang mengakibatkan gejala mirip sirosis biliaris<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 22px;">-</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 22px;">Asam valproat+ klorpromazin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Fenitoin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Fenotiazin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Imipramin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 22px;">-</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 22px;">Klorpropamid+eritromisin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Tiabendazol<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Tolbutamid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<u><span lang="IN"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">6. Obat yang mengakibatkan granuloma hati<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Allopurinol<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Asam asetilsalisilat<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Diltiazem<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Disopiramid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Fenilbutazon<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Fenitoin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Hidralazin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Isoniazid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Karbamazepin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Klorpromazin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Kuinidin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Nitrofurantoin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Penisilin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Sulfonamid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Tolbutamid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<u><span lang="IN"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">7. Obat yang mengakibatkan sirosis<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div>
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<tr><td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 5.75in;" valign="top" width="552"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Asam nikotinat<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Metotreksat<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Terbinafin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<u><span lang="IN"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">8. Obat yang mengakibatkan tumor hati<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Danazol<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Kontrasepsi oral<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Steroid anabolik<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Testosteron<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<u><span lang="IN"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">9. Obat yang mengakibatkan kerusakan pembuluh darah portal<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Adriamisin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Azatioprin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Dakarbazin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Karmustin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Kontrasepsi oral<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Merkaptopurin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Metotreksat<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Mitomisin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Siklofosfamid+siklosporin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Steroid anabolik<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Tioguanin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Vinkristin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Vitamin A<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Beberapa contoh obat lainnya yang dapat menyebabkan hepatotoksik:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><u><span lang="IN">Parasetamol</span></u><u><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Pada umumnya efek hepatotoksik terjadi pada konsumsi parasetamol secara berlebih (15 gram/hari). Dalam hati secara enzimatis obat ini dirubah menjadi bahan toksik oleh enzim sitokrom P450. Bahan toksik ini dalam keadaan normal dinetralisasi melalui proses konjugasi dengan glutation. Kerusakan hati akibat pembentukan bahan metabolit yang terlalu banyak sehingga terjadi kekurangan glutation. Pemberian glutation dari luar tidak berfungsi, karena glutation ini tidak dapat memasuki sel hati. Pemberian prekursor<i> </i>glutation seperti sisteamin dapat membantu dalam menetralisasi toksik. Gejala klinis yang timbul beberapa jam setelah pemberian obat adalah anoreksia, mual dan muntah. Ikterus timbul setelah hari kedua, dapat berlanjut dengan gangguan kesadaran, koma, dan kematian.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><u><span lang="IN">Asam asetilsalisilat</span></u><u><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Dikenal sebagai obat hepatotoksik yang tergantung pada besarnya dosis.<i> </i>Gejala hepatotoksik timbul bila kadar salisilat serum lebih dari 25 mg/dl (dosis: 3-5 g/hari), Keadaan ini diduga sangat erat hubungannya dengan kadar albumin darah, karena bentuk salisilat yang bebas dapat merusak hati.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><b><span lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><b style="text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span lang="IN"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><u><span lang="IN">Isoniazid<o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Isoniazid mengalami inaktivasi di hati melalui proses asetilasi menjadi asetil isoniazid yang kemudian dihidrolisis menjadi asetil hidrozin bebas dan oleh enzim sitokrom P450 dirubah menjadi bahan metabolit yang toksik. Pada individu yang mengalami asetilasi cepat, risiko terjadinya efek hepatotoksik yang lebih besar. Efek hepatotoksik juga meningkat dengan pemberian penginduksi enzim secara bersamaan, misalnya: luminal, prifampisin atau alkohol.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><u><span lang="IN">Rifampisin<o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Kerusakan hati oleh rifampisin terjadi melalui 3 jalur :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Bergantung pada besarnya dosis, dapat menyebabkan gangguan<i>hepatic uptake </i>terhadap bilirubin, sulfobromoftalein dan asam empedu. Efek ini bersifat reversibel.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Rifampisin dapat menjadi <i>Microsomal enzym inducers </i>sehingga meningkatkan efek hepatotoksik obat-obat yang tergolong<i>metabolite related-hepatotoxicity</i>,<i> </i>terutama isoniazid.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN">-<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Rimfapisin dapat menimbulkan <i>viral-like hepatitis</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="line-height: 22px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Salah satu hepatoprotektor adalah silimarin dari tanaman <i>milk thistle</i> (<i>Silybum marianum</i>). Silimarin merupakan campuran flavonolignan yang mengandung silibin, isosilibin, silidianin, dan silikristin. Silimarin melindungi hati dengan merangsang pembentukan sel-sel hati baru. Dengan bertindak sebagai antioksidan, ia menghambat pembentukan silimarin peroksidasi yang diakibatkan aktivitas radikal bebas sehingga membantu mengurangi atau melindungi hati dari kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh obat-obatan, alkohol dan berbagai toksin lainnya.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 22px; text-indent: 28.35pt;">Senyawa lain yang bersifat hepatoprotektor antara lain turmerik yang merupakan zat aktif dalam rimpang kunyit dan temulawak (</span><i style="line-height: 22px; text-indent: 28.35pt;">Curcuma xanthorrhizae</i><span style="line-height: 22px; text-indent: 28.35pt;">). Selain turmerik, ada juga senyawa kimia kurkuminoid, demetoksikurkumin dan bisdemetoksikurkumin yang berperan sebagai detoksikasi dan antioksidan dengan cara meningkatkan aktivitas enzim glutation S-transferase (GST) serta kelompok enzim glutation lain (GS-x) dalam hati. Kurkumin juga mampu melindungi eritrosit dan haemoglobin dari oksidasi yang disebabkan oleh senyawa nitrit. Kurkumin dapat meningkatkan sintesa protein hepatoglobin dan hemopeksin yang terdapat dalam hati sehingga timbal yang berikatan dengan hemoglobin dapat didestruksi dan dinetralisasi di hati. Akar dandelion (</span><i style="line-height: 22px; text-indent: 28.35pt;">Taraxacum officinale</i><span style="line-height: 22px; text-indent: 28.35pt;">) juga bisa berfugsi sebagai hepatoprotektor. Kandungan aktifnya yang unik yaitu eudesmanolid, germakranolid, seskuiterpen, flavonoid, dan sterol memiliki aktivitas sebagai pelindung fungsi hati, kolagogum dan menjaga fungsi saluran cerna.</span><span style="line-height: 22px; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22px; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Berikut beberapa penjelasan singkat mengenai hepatoprotektor dari bahan alam :</span></span></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Temu Lawak (<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Curcuma xanthorrhizae</em>)</span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Zat aktif adalah tumeric. Selain turmeric, ada juga senyawa kimia curcuminoid, demethoxycurcumin dan bisdemethoxycurcumin yang berperan sebagai detoksikasi dan antioksidan dengan cara meningkatkan aktivitas enzim Gluthatione S-transferase (GST) serta kelompok enzim Gluthatione lain (GS-x) dalam hati. Curcumin juga mampu melindungi eritrosit dan haemoglobin dari oksidasi yang disebabkan oleh senyawa nitrit. Curcumin dapat meningkatkan sintesa protein hepatoglobin dan hemopexin yang terdapat dalam hati sehingga timbal yang berikatan dengan hemoglobin dapat didestruksi dan dinetralisasi di hati.</span></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Milk thistle (<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Silybum marianum</em>)</span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Silymarin adalah sari bibit tanaman <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">milk thistle</em>. Jamu ini sudah dipakai selama lebih dari 2.000 tahun untuk mengobati masalah hati. Belum dialami efek samping yang berat atau interaksiyang gawat. Silymarin sudah lama digunakan di Eropa sebagai tanaman obat. Sudah banyak penelitian ilmiah terhadap milk thistle, salah satunya penelitian Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital of New York-Presbyterian dan Columbia University Medical Center yang menemukan dampak perlindungan hati oleh milk thistle pada anak yang menerima kemoterapi kanker. Silymarin melindungi hati dengan merangsang pembentukan sel-sel hati baru. Dengan bertindak sebagai antioksidan, ia menghambat pembentukan peroxidation silymarin yang diakibatkan aktivitas radikal bebas sehingga membantu mengurangi atau melindungi hati dari kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh obat-obatan, alkohol dan berbagai racun lainnya.</span></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Jombang/Dandelion root/akar bunga dandelion (<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Taraxacum Officinale</em>)</span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Menurut the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, kandungan aktifnya yang unik yaitu eudesmanolide, germacranolide, sesquiterpene, flavonoid, dan sterol, memiliki aktivitas sebagai pelindung fungsi hati, kolagoga dan menjaga fungsi saluran cerna.</span></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Pale catechu</span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Kandungan aktif yaitu actecin, catechutannic acid, quercetin dan tanin. Zat aktif ini bekerja sebagai astringen untuk menjaga kondisi membran mukosa dan mencegah perdarahan saluran cerna.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Bawang putih (</strong><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Allium sativum</strong></em><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">)</strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Bawang putih pada dosis 10 g/kg berat badan dapat mencegah kerusakan hati yang ditandai pencegahan peningkatan kadar MDA (malondialdehida) dan GPT (glutamate pyruvate transaminase) serum pada tikus putih yang diinduksi dengan CCl4 dosis 0,55 g/kg berat badan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa bawang putih dengan dosis 10 g/kg berat badan mempunyai efek antioksidan dan hepatoprotektor. Disarankan penggunaan bawang putih sebagai hepatoprotektor karena adanya oksidan adalah dosis 10 g/kg berat badan.</span></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Interaksi obat</span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Belum diketahui interaksi apa pun antara hepatoprotektor dan obat atau jamu lain. Namun belum diteliti interaksi antara hepatoprotektor dengan sebagian besar obat atau jamu lain.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Kandungan semua jenis hepatoprotektor berbeda-beda, tergantung pada produsen. Terdapat berbagai jenis jamu atau campuran jamu yang dipasarkan di Indonesia sebagai hepatoprotektor. Produk tersebut termasuk Hepasil dari Kalbe Farma, Hepacomb dari Sidomuncul, <a href="http://www.ptphapros.co.id/product_item.php?id=51&lg=in" style="color: #2970a6; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Hepagard</a> dari Phapros, HP-Pro, Lesipar, Hepimun dan beberapa produk lain.<a href="http://www.kalbe.co.id/product-74-hepasil.html" style="color: #2970a6; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Hepasil</a> misalnya, mengandung echinacea, sebaiknya jamu ini tidak dipakai oleh perempuan hamil atau pasien AIDS terutama bila jumlah CD4-nya rendah.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Perlu perhatian, ada kemungkinan beberapa produsen mencampur produknya dengan obat kimia Isoprinosine, yaitu suatu immunostimulator yang juga bersifat antivirus, berupa nukleosida (salah satu senyawa dasar yang terdiri dari sel-sel di dalam tubuh). Hal ini dipasarkan sebagai obat di banyak negara (tidak di Amerika Serikat). Hal ini digunakan sebagai perangsang kekebalan untuk kanker, herpes, dan AIDS.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Sumber :</span></div>
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<span style="color: #555555; line-height: 17px;"><a href="http://farmasibahanalam.wordpress.com/2010/08/13/hepatoprotektor-dari-alam/" style="background-color: #f3f3f3;">http://farmasibahanalam.wordpress.com/2010/08/13/hepatoprotektor-dari-alam/</a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22px; text-indent: 28.35pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://hidupcerdasmuslimah.blogspot.com/2012/04/hepatoprotektor.html" style="background-color: #f3f3f3;">http://hidupcerdasmuslimah.blogspot.com/2012/04/hepatoprotektor.html</a></span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7529126109384346954.post-43840085419524760042013-03-23T21:00:00.000+08:002013-04-02T16:38:43.547+08:00obat pelangsing & Sibutramine Hydrochloride <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;">Obat pelangsing dengan iming-iming cepat, tanpa susah BAB, tanpa gangguan, tak perlu olahraga HARUS, KUDU, WAJIB DIHINDARI !!!!!!!!!!!!. Obat yang yang demikian bisa saja ternyata mengandung salah satu senyawa berbahaya yang dapat merusak ginjal dan jantung yaitu </span><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 31px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">Sibutramine Hydrochloride</span><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: 31px; text-align: center;">Obat-obatan pelangsing yang mengandung sibutramine hydrochloride biasanya memiliki beberapa tanda-tanda gejala sebagai berikut ketika diminum : </span><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; line-height: 31px; text-align: center;"><b><i>keringat berlebihan, rasa haus berlebihan, jantung berdebar kencang, terkadang kaki menjadi lebih dingin.</i></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 31px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://i283.photobucket.com/albums/kk301/be_exellent_89/meridia12.jpg" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter" height="136" src="http://i283.photobucket.com/albums/kk301/be_exellent_89/meridia12.jpg" style="border: 0px; clear: both; display: block; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="GAmbar Sruktur " width="335" /></a></span></strong></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sibutramine hydrochloride merupakan golongan <strong style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">OBAT KERAS</span></strong> yang digunakan dalam pengobatan obesitas, dimana obat ini hanya dapat diperoleh dan digunakan berdasarkan resep dokter. Namun kenyataannya, obat ini banyak ditemukan dijual bebas di pasaran.</span></span><br />
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Sibutramine direkomendasikan untuk pasien obesitas dengan index massa tubuh <span style="border: 0px; color: black; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">≥ 30 kg/m<sup style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-style: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</sup>, atau ≥ 27 kg/m<sup style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-style: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2 </sup>untuk pasien dengan resiko diabetes, dislipidemia, dan hipertensi.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Mekanisme Aksi</span></span></strong></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Sibutramin hydrochloride menghambat reuptake noradrenaline dan serotonin oleh sel saraf setelah kedua neurotransmiter ini menyampaikan pesan diantara sel saraf yang ada di otak. dihambatnya reuptake membuat kedua neurotransmitter ini bebas menjelajah di otak. saat itulah keduanya menghasilkan perasaan penuh (kenyang) pada pasien sehingga mengurangi keinginan untuk makan.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Obat ini terbukti menurunkan asupan makanan dan meningkatkan thermogenesis. Secara invivo, sibutramine bekerja melalui 2 metabolit aktif yaitu M<sub style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: 0.5ex; vertical-align: baseline;">1</sub> dan M<sub style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: 0.5ex; vertical-align: baseline;">2</sub>. Efikasinya untuk menurunkan dan mempertahankan berat badan telah ditunjukkan pada beberapa penelitian klinis.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Farmakokinetika :</span></span></strong></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Sibutramine diabsorpsi cepat di saluran gastroinestinal (77%). Sibutramin terdistribusi luas ke jaringan terutama di hati dan ginjal. Metabolit M<sub style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: 0.5ex; vertical-align: baseline;">1 </sub>dan M<sub style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: 0.5ex; vertical-align: baseline;">2 </sub>terikat sebanyak 94% pada protein plasma sedangkan sibutramine terikat 97% pada protein plasma. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa volume distribusi (Vd) sibutramin, metabolit M<sub style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: 0.5ex; vertical-align: baseline;">1</sub> dan M<sub style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: 0.5ex; vertical-align: baseline;">2 </sub>kecil didalam tubuh. Sibutramin mengalami first pass metabolisme di hati oleh sitokrom P450 isoenzim CYP3A4 mengahasilkan dua metabolit aktif, M<sub style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: 0.5ex; vertical-align: baseline;">1</sub> dan M<sub style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: 0.5ex; vertical-align: baseline;">2</sub>. Kedua metabolit ini selanjutnya mengalami konjugasi dan hidroksilasi menjadi metabolit inaktif, yaitu M<sub style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: 0.5ex; vertical-align: baseline;">5</sub> dan M<sub style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: 0.5ex; vertical-align: baseline;">6.</sub> T<sub style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: 0.5ex; vertical-align: baseline;">1/2 </sub>eliminasi sibutramin adalah 1 jam , Metabolite: M<sub style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: 0.5ex; vertical-align: baseline;">1 </sub>: 14 jam, M<sub style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: 0.5ex; vertical-align: baseline;">2</sub> : 16 jam. Tmaks sibutramin 1,2 jam, Metabolit : M<sub style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: 0.5ex; vertical-align: baseline;">1</sub>dan M<sub style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: 0.5ex; vertical-align: baseline;">2</sub> : 3-4 jam. Sibutramin dan metabolitnya dieksresikan terutama lewat urine (77%) dan feses.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Efek samping :</span></span></strong></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Sakit kepala, isomnia, konstipasi, migrain, depresi, hipertensi, takikardia, mulut kering.</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Penggunaan Sibutramin Hidroklorida dalam dosis tinggi :</span></span></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ð<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Berisiko meningkatkan tekanan darah dan denyut jantung serta menyebabkan penggunanya sulit tidur sehingga senyawa kimia itu tidak boleh dikonsumsi secara sembarangan oleh orang yang mempunyai riwayat penyakit arteri koroner, gagal jantung kongestif, aritmia dan stroke.</span></span></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Interaksi</span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ð<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></span><span class="mw-headline" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jika</span></span><span class="mw-headline" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span class="mw-headline" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">digunakan bersamaan dengan obat-obat yang mekanisme kerjanya menghambat oksidasi monoamine </span></span><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(MAOIs, seperti<a href="http://yosefw.wordpress.com/wiki/Selegiline" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Selegiline"><span style="border: 0px; color: windowtext; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">selegiline</span></a>)<span class="mw-headline" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, sibutramine hydrochloride secara klinis akan menghasilkan interaksi yang bermakna karena </span>meningkatkan resiko <em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">serotonin syndrome</em></span><span class="mw-headline" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></h2>
<h2 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; line-height: 42px; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt 36pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ð<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Selain itu, penggunaan sibutramine bersamaan dengan obat-obat penghambat CYP3A4 seperti ketokonazol dan eritromisin dapat meningkatkan kadar sibutramine dalam plasma.</span></span></h2>
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<span class="mw-headline" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Kontraindikasi</span></span></span></h2>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Pasien berumur dibawah 18 tahun</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Pasien yang mengalami gangguan kejiwaan seperti : <a href="http://yosefw.wordpress.com/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Bulimia nervosa"><span style="border: 0px; color: windowtext; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">bulimia nervosa</span></a>,<a href="http://yosefw.wordpress.com/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Anorexia nervosa"><span style="border: 0px; color: windowtext; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">anorexia nervosa</span></a>, <a href="http://yosefw.wordpress.com/wiki/Clinical_depression" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Clinical depression"><span style="border: 0px; color: windowtext; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">depresi</span></a> serius</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Pasien dengan riwayat predisposition to drug atau alcohol abuse</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">hipersensitivitas</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">pengobatan bersamaan dengan <a href="http://yosefw.wordpress.com/wiki/MAO_inhibitor" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="MAO inhibitor"><span style="border: 0px; color: windowtext; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">MAO inhibitor</span></a>, <a href="http://yosefw.wordpress.com/wiki/Antidepressant" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Antidepressant"><span style="border: 0px; color: windowtext; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">antidepressant</span></a></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">hipertensi yang tidak dikontrol, <a href="http://yosefw.wordpress.com/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Pulmonary hypertension"><span style="border: 0px; color: windowtext; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">pulmonary hypertension</span></a></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Mengalami kerusakan katup jantung, jantung koroner, gagal jantung kongestif, aritmia serius, infark miokard</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Stroke atau <a href="http://yosefw.wordpress.com/wiki/Transient_ischemic_attack" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Transient ischemic attack"><span style="border: 0px; color: windowtext; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">transient ischemic attack</span></a> (TIA)</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Hipertiroidisme., glaucoma, <a href="http://yosefw.wordpress.com/wiki/Seizure" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Seizure"><span style="border: 0px; color: windowtext; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Seizure</span></a> disorders , pembesaran kelenjar prostat dan retensi urin, <a href="http://yosefw.wordpress.com/wiki/Pheochromocytoma" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Pheochromocytoma"><span style="border: 0px; color: windowtext; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">pheochromocytoma</span></a></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Wanita hamil dan menyusui (Pregnancy Risk Factor C)</span></span></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Dosis</span></span></span></h2>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">10 mg 1 kali sehari tiap pagi, bila setelah 4 minggu berat badan menurun < 2 kg, dosis dapat ditingkatkan sampai maksimal 15 mg per hari.</span></span><br />
<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 31px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;">Mengapa Perlu Pengawasan Dokter ???</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
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<ol>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> . </span></span><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Obat ini merupakan <strong style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">obat keras</span></strong> yang salah satunya kontraindikasi dengan penyakit kardiovaskuler. Sedangkan orang yang mengalami kelebihan berat badan (obesitas) memiliki resiko yang sangat besar untuk menderita penyakit kardiovaskuler. Oleh karena itu sangat perlu dilakukan konsultasi mengenai riwayat penyakit pasien dengan Dokter sebelum memilih menggunakan sibutramine hydrochloride.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-indent: -18pt;"> Sibutramine hydrochloride menghasilkan 2 metabolit aktif yang mekanisme kerjanya sama dengan senyawa induknya yaitu sibutramine hydrochloride. Hal ini dapat </span><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">meningkatkan toksisitas</span></strong><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-indent: -18pt;"> dari obat tersebut jika dosis, frekuensi dan lama pemberian tidak dikontrol.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-indent: -18pt;"> Sibutramine hydrochloride merupakan obat golongan anoreksansia yang berdaya menekan nafsu makan secara efektif selama 4 sampai 6 minggu namun setelah digunakan 3 sampai 6 bulan </span><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">efeknya akan sangat berkurang</span></strong><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-indent: -18pt;"> akibat terjadinya toleransi. Jika terjadi toleransi, maka ketika dilakukan peningkatan dosis (menjadi 15 mg , maksimal selama 1 tahun) perlu pengawasan ketat dari dokter untuk menghindari efek samping obat.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-indent: -18pt;"> Efek samping sibutramine hydrochloride antara lain : </span><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">meningkatkan debar jantung dan hipertensi</span></strong><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-indent: -18pt;">, maka frekuensi jantung dan tensi darah perlu dimonitor selama 3 bulan pertama.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-indent: -18pt;"> Resiko lain mengkonsumsi obat-obat diet tanpa pengawasan dokter adalah : </span><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">membuat tubuh lemas</span></strong><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-indent: -18pt;"> dan </span><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">sistem kekebalan tubuh menurun</span></strong><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-indent: -18pt;"> karena jarang makan (tetapi tidak merasa lapar), </span><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">jantung berdebar-debar</span></strong><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-indent: -18pt;">, </span><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">dehidrasi</span>, <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">sulit tidur, diare</span></strong><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-indent: -18pt;">, </span><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">penurunan tekanan darah</span>, <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">nyeri kepala</span>, <span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">dan gula darah menurun drastis</span></strong><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; text-indent: -18pt;">. Namun, resiko yang timbul pada setiap orang tidak sama, karena itu konsumsi obat-obat diet harus di bawah pengawasan dokter.</span></span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sebenarnya niat yang baik asal dilakukan dengan benar inshaALLAH akan menghasikan hasil yang baik..Niat untuk kurus hanya ingin dengan yang instan tentu ada efek sampingnya. Meskipun olahraga adalah cara yang agak lama, namun jika tekun pasti menghasilkan hasil yang lebih memuaskan. Ibarat buah, lebih manis jika matang di pohon dibandingkan buah yang dikarbit. ^^</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></span></strong></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Anonim, 1997, <em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">FDA Talk Paper, FDA Approves Sibutramine To Treat Obesity</em>,<a href="http://fdahomepage.html/" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">http://fdahomepage.html</a>, diakses tanggal 15 Maret 2009</span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Anonim, 2006, Drug Information Handbook, 14<sup style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-style: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">th</sup> Edition, 1444-1446, Lexi Comp, Ohio</span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Anonim, 2008, <em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sibutramine Turunkan Berat Badan</em>,<a href="http://princessraia.blogspot.com/" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">http://princessraia.blogspot.com</a>, diakses tanggal 15 Maret 2009</span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Anonim, 2008, <em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tanggung Jawab Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Terhadap Konsumen Obat Tradisional Yang Mengandung Bahan Kimia Obat ( BKO</em> ), <a href="http://pustaka.net/" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">http://pustaka.net</a>, diakses tanggal 15 Maret 2009</span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Anonim, 2009, <em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Meridia</em>, <a href="http://rxlist.com/" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">http://rxlist.com</a>, diakses tanggal 15 Maret 2009</span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Tjay, Tan Hoan, dan Kirana Rahardja, 2007, <em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Obat-Obat Penting</em>, Edisi Keenam, 497-499, Elex Media Computindo, Jakarta</span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span lang="IN" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://yosefw.wordpress.com/2009/03/20/usir-gemuk-dengan-obat-2/" style="background-color: #f3f3f3;">http://yosefw.wordpress.com/2009/03/20/usir-gemuk-dengan-obat-2/</a></span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7529126109384346954.post-55651416353683812702013-01-23T08:08:00.000+08:002013-04-02T16:39:22.865+08:00Petualangan Obat di Dalam Tubuh<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;">Sobat blog reader,, ternyata obat yang kita telan mengalami petualangan seru di dalam tubuh kita. Mau tau petualangannya ? :k:</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Sebenarnya, yang triiz maksud dengan petualangan obat di dalam tubuh di sini yaitu proses atau usaha obat yang kita makan saat sakit untuk menyembuhkan penyakit kita.. Sekarang udah tau ? Mau tau lebih banyak ? Wah pasti udah engga sabar ya dari tadi triiz kebanyakan basa-basi. :n: Maaf deh, sekarang triiz akan mengajak sobat blog reader mengikuti petualangan si obat di dalam tubuh.... </span></span><br />
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<b><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Farmakokinetik</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; line-height: 18px;"><b></b></span><b style="color: #444444; line-height: 18px;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" name="more"></a></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="color: #444444; line-height: 18px; white-space: pre;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; line-height: 18px;"> Obat yang kita telan ternyata melakukan perjalanan panjang didalam tubuh kita. Ia mengalami perubahan bentuk. Menyusuri jalan-jalan pembuluh darah kita, diwaspadai oleh zat kekbalan tubuh. Bertempur melawan penyakit yang dikejarnya. Hingga akhirnya dilemahkan oleh hati. Dan berakhir menjadi kotoran. Petualangan obat didalam tubuh kita kali ini , dalam ilmu farmasi (obat – obatan) disebut farmakokinetik.</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Rute Perjalanan</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-O2SolsX5WRI/UA-mL9izrcI/AAAAAAAAAP0/LXd3AisqjD8/s1600/obat+1.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #7771bf; float: left; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-O2SolsX5WRI/UA-mL9izrcI/AAAAAAAAAP0/LXd3AisqjD8/s200/obat+1.png" style="border: none; padding: 8px; position: relative;" width="182" /></span></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Mari kita lihat rute perjalanan obat. Ketika kita menelan obat, kita memasukan obat lewat kerongkongan ( esofagus ) kemudian obat akan masuk kedalam lambung (gaster). Di dalam lambung obat akan dihancurkan menjadi bagian-bagian halus. Proses ini disebut disintegrasi. Obat yang halus lalu larut dalam cairan lambung, proses ini disebut disolusi. Kemudian obat akan dikirim keusus halus.didalam usus halus inilah obat akan diserap. Lalu obat masuk kedalam pembuluh darah dan menuju pusat rasa sakit didalam tubuh. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: #444444; line-height: 18px; white-space: pre;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Tidak semua obat dapat dengan mudah larut didalam lambung. Sebagian obat yang tak larut didalam lambung akan dikirim ke usus besar dan di- </span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px; white-space: pre;">buang bersama kotoran kita.</span></span><br />
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<b><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Diwaspadai tentara tubuh</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3k6QE3M4wng/UA-mUZWhXNI/AAAAAAAAAP8/EULmj1JjsWQ/s1600/obat+2.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #7771bf; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="224" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3k6QE3M4wng/UA-mUZWhXNI/AAAAAAAAAP8/EULmj1JjsWQ/s320/obat+2.png" style="border: none; padding: 8px; position: relative;" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Ketika ada benda asingmasuk ke tubuh kita. Zat kekebalan tubuh otomatis mewaspadai. Mereka akan segera mencari benda asing itu. Begitu juga dengan obat yang kita telan. Ketika perjalanan obat sudah sampai hati, mereka akan bertemu dengan tentara penjaga tubuh kita. Pertemuan mereka ini disebut metabolisme.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Dalam proses metabolisme ini zat racun obat akan dilumpuhkan oleh tentara tubuhsedangkan zat yang bermanfaat akan diolah sehingga berkhasiat sebagai obat. Zat obat yang dilumpuhkan akan dikirim ke saluran pembuangan tubuh. Sedangkan zat yang bermanfaat akan diedarkan keseluruh tubuh melalui pembuluh darah. </span></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-A6iJmeim1zc/UA-mcSKmXcI/AAAAAAAAAQE/enfAjs9Wbww/s1600/obat+3.png" imageanchor="1" style="color: #7771bf; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-A6iJmeim1zc/UA-mcSKmXcI/AAAAAAAAAQE/enfAjs9Wbww/s400/obat+3.png" style="border: none; padding: 8px; position: relative;" width="335" /></span></a></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;">Keterangan Gambar</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; color: #444444; line-height: 18px;"><b>1. </b>Proses pemberian obat dapat dilakukan dengan cara oral (melalui mulut), topikal (dioleskan melalui kulit), inhalasi (melalui hidung), intramuskular (disuntikan ke otot), subkutan (disuntikkan ke bawah kulit ), dan intravena (disuntikan ke pembuluh darah). </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; color: #444444; line-height: 18px;"><b>2</b>. Distribusi zat obat diedarkan keseluruh tubuh melalui pembuluh darah.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; color: #444444; line-height: 18px;"><b>3. </b>Disintegrasi proses hancurnya obat didalam lambung.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; color: #444444; line-height: 18px;"><b>4. </b>Proses metabolisme pertemuan antara zat obat dengan zat kekebalan tubuh. Disini zat racun dalam obat akan dilumpuhkan sedangkan zat obat yang bermanfaat akan diolah sehingga berhasiat sebagai obat.</span></span></div>
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<b>5. </b>Eksresi proses pembuangan zat obat yang tidak diserap oleh tubuh. Biasanya melalui kencing, keringat , kotoran. Air liur, atau air susu ibu.</div>
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Demikian tour singkat triiz hari ini.. :h:<br />
Semoga bermanfaat yah sobat.. :l:<br />
<br />
sumber :<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; line-height: 18px;"><a href="http://vhiente-bac.blogspot.com/2012/07/perjuangan-obat-di-dalam-tubuh-versi.html" style="background-color: #f3f3f3;">http://vhiente-bac.blogspot.com/2012/07/perjuangan-obat-di-dalam-tubuh-versi.html</a></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7529126109384346954.post-74993492366936840762013-01-22T15:33:00.001+08:002013-01-22T16:46:39.825+08:00Sediaan Farmasi Lainnya<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: inherit;"><b>Makalah teknologi dan formulasi sediaan steril.....</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 115%;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 115%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 115%;">I.1 Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Produk steril adalah
sediaan terapetis dalam bentuk terbagi-bagi yang bebas dari mikroorganisme
hidup. Pada prisipnya ini adalah sediaan parenteral, mata, dan irigasi. Sediaan
parenteral ini merupakan sediaan yang unik diantara bentuk obat terbagi-bagi,
karena sediaan ini disuntikkan melalui kulit atau membran mukosa kebagian dalam
tubuh. Karena sediian mengelakkan garis pertahanan pertama dari tubuh yang
paling efisien, yakni menbran kulit dam mukosa, sediaan tersebut harus bebas
dari kontaminasi mikroba dari komponen toksis, dan harus mempunyai tingkat
kemurnian tinggi atau luar biasa. Semua komponen dan proses yang terlibat dalam
penyediaan produk ini harus dipilih dan dirancang untuk menghilangkan semua
jenis kontaminasi, apakah fisik, kimia, atau mikrobiologis.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Produk steril yang
paling banyak adalah larutan atau supensi, tetapi bisa juga pellet padat atau
juga ditanam pada jaringan. Pengontrolan pada waktu pembuatan untuk mengurangi
kontaminas untuk sejumlah kecil produk tertentu dapat tercapai relatif mudah.
Jika jumlah prosuk bertambah, masalah kontrol pada waktu pembuatan untuk
menghindari kontaminasi menjadi berlipat ganda. Oleh karena itu, preparat
produk steril menjadi wawasan khusus dalam proses farmasi. Standar yang
ditetapkan, sikap pekerja, dan kontrol proses harus berada dalam tingkatan
teratas.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;"> Larutan irigasi sekarang juga harus
memiliki standar yang sama dengan larutan parenteral, karena selama pemberian
secara irigasi, sejumlah zat dari larutan dapat memasuki aliran darah secara
langsung melalui pembuluh darah luka yang terbuka atau membran mukosa yang
lecet. Oleh karena itu, sifat dan standar yang ada untuk prroduksi larutan
parenteral dalam volume besar, pemakaiannya setara dengan larutan irigasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Zat-zat tersebut juga harus ada dan aktif bila diperluhkan
selama waktu dapat digunakannya produk tersebut. Oleh karena itu, zat-zat ini
harus dipilih dengan sangat hati-hati, dan zat-zat ini harus dipilih dengan
sangat hati-hati, dan zat-zat ini harus dievaluasi mengenai pengaruhnya
terhadap formulasi keseluruhan. Ulasan yang luas tentang bahan penambah yang
digunakan dalam produk parenteral dan cara untuk menyesuaikan pH produk
tersebut baru-baru ini tlah dipublikasi, dan harus diacu untuk keterangan yang
lenih terperinci.</span><span style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I.2
Rumusan Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Macam-macam sediaan farmasi steril lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pembuatan,penyimpanan,dan hal-hal lain yang perlu
diperhatikan pada sediaan farmasi lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I.3
Tujuan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Makalah
ini bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi mengenai </span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">macam-macam</span><span style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> sediaan steril lainnya saat ini.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">I.4
Manfaat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Makalah ini
bermanfaat bagi mahasiswa farmasi yang mengikuti kuliah teknologi farmasi
sediaan steril khususnya sediaan farmasi lainnya yang kami bahas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">BAB
II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">TINJAUAN
PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">II.1
Pengertian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Istilah <i>Galenika</i> diambil dari nama tabib
Yunani,yaitu Claudius Galenos (Galen) yang membuat sediaan obat yang berasal
dari tumbuhan dan hewan sehingga muncullah ilmu obat-obatan yang disebut “Ilmu
galenika”,yang merupakan ilmu yang mempelajari tentang pembuatan sediaan (preparat)
obat dengan cara sederhana dan dibuat dari alam (tumbuhan dan hewan).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Pembuatan sediaan galenik secara umum
dan singkat adalah sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">·<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Bagian
tumbuhan yang mengandung obat diolah menjadi simplisia atau bahan obat nabati.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">·<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Dari
simplisia tersebut bahan obat yang terdapat di dalamnya diambil dan diolah
menjadi bentuk sediaan atau preparat.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan dibuatnya sediaan
galenik,yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">·<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Untuk
memisahkan obat-obatan yang terkandung dalam simplisia dari bagian lain yang
dianggap tidak bermanfaat.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">·<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Membuat
sudatu sediaan yang sederhana dan mudah dipakai.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">·<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Agar
obat yang terkandung dalam sediaan tersebut stabil pada penyimpanan yang lama.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan
dalam pembuatan sediaan galenik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Derajat Kehalusan<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Derajat
kehalusan ini harus disesuaikan dengan mudah atau tidaknya obat yang terkandung
tersebut disari. Semakin sukar disari,simplisia harus dibuat semakin halus,dan
sebaiknya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Konsentrasi atau Kepekatan<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa
obat yang terkandung atau zat aktif dalam sediaan tersebut harus jelas
konsentrasinya agar tidak menimbulkan kesulitan dalam pembuatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Suhu dan lamanya waktu<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Suhu
dan lamanya waktu penyarian harus disesuaikan dengan sifat obat, mudah menguap
atau tidak,mudah tersari atau tidak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Bahan penyari dan cara penyarian<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Cara
ini harus disesuaikan dengan sifat kelarutan obat dan daya serap bahan penyari
ke dalam simplisia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk-bentuk sediaan galenik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Hasil
penarikan : extracta,tingtura,decocta atau Infusa.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Hasil
penyulingan atau pemerasan : aqua aromatika,olea volatilia (minyak mudah
menguap), olea pinguia (minyak lemak).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Sirop.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Ekstractio berasal
dari perkataan “extrahere”,”to draw out”,menarik sari,yaitu suatu cara untuk
menarik satu atau lebih zat dari bahan asal. Umumnya zat berkhasiat tersebut
dapat ditarik,namun khasiatnya tidak berubah. Dalam kefarmasian,istilah ini
terutama hanya dipergunakan utnuk penarikan zat-zat dari bahan asal dengan
mempergunakan cairan penarik atau pelarut. Cairan penarik yang dipergunakan
disebut ‘menstrum’,ampasnya disebut “marc” atau “faeces”,sedangkan cairan yang
dipisahkan dari ampas tersebut merupakan suatu larutan yang disebut “macerate
liquid” atau “colatura”. Cairan yang didapat setelah perkolasi disebut
perkolasi disebut “perkolat”,dan zat-zat yang terlarut di dalam cairan penarik
tersebut disebut “extractive”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan utama ekstraski
ialah mendapatkan atau memisahkan sebanyak mungkin zat-zat yang memiliki
khasiat pengobatan (concentrata) dari zat-zat yang tidak berfaedah,agar lebih
mudah digunakan (kemudahan absorbs,rasa pemakaian,dll) dan disimpan
dibandingkan simplisia asal,dan tujuan pengobatannya lebih terjamin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Karena pada umumnya
zat-zat berkhasiat dalam simplisia terdapat dalam keadaaan tercampur,diperlukan
cara penarikan dan cairan penarik tertentu (tunggal/campuran), yang kelak dapat
menghasilkan bermacam-macam preparat galenik sesuai dengan
pengolahannya,misalnya infusa,decocta,macerate,tincture,resin dan lain-lain.
Suhu penarikan juga sangat mempengaruhi hasil penarikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Suhu penarikan untuk :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Maserer/maserasi
…………………………………………………………………5<sup>o</sup>-25<sup>o<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Digerer/digerasi
…………………………………………………………………..35<sup>o</sup>-45<sup>o</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Infunder/infudasi
…………………………………………………………………90<sup>o</sup>-98<sup>o</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Memasak
…………………………………………………………………… Suhu mendidih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Dalam beberapa
hal,sebelum preparat yang dimaksud dibuat,simplisia perlu diolah terlebih dahulu,misalnya
dengan mengawalemakkannya (Strychnin,secale cornutum) atau dihilangkan zat
pahitnya (lichen Islandicus) atau dengan cara lain, agar zat-zat yang tidak
berguna atau merusak tidak ikut tertarik bersama-sama dengan zat-zat
berkhasiat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Cara menghilangkan
bagian simplisia yang tidak berguna :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Dengan memakai bahan pelarut yang tepat
yang dalam pelarut itu bahan berkhasitnya mudah larut,sedangkan yang tidak
berguna hanya sedikit atau tidak larut dalam cairan penyari tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Dengan menarik atau merendam pada suhu
tertentu di mana bahan berkhasiat terbanyak larutnya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Dengan menggunakan jarak waktu penarikan
tertentu dimana bahan berkhasiat dari simplisia lebih banyak larutnya,sedangkan
bahan yang tidak berguna sedikit atau tidak larut.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Dengan memurnikan atau membersihkan
dengan cara-cara tertentu,baik secara ilmu alam maupun ilmu kimia.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Cairan –cairan penarik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menentukan cairan penarik mana
yang dipergunakan,harus diperhitungkan betul-betul dengan memperhatikan
beberapa factor,antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Kelarutan
zat-zat dalam menstrum.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Tidak
merusak zat-zat berkhasiat atau akibat-akibat lain yang tidak dikehendaki
(perubahan warna,pengendapan,terhidrolisis).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Harga
yang murah.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Jenis
preparat ynag akan dibuat.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Cairan penarik yang baik adalah yang
dapat melarutkan zat-zat yang berkhasiat tertentu,tetapai zat-zat yang tidak
berguna tidak terbawa serta. Pada umumnya alkaloid,dammar,oleoresin,dan
minyak-minyak memiliki kelarutan yang lebih baik dalam pelarut organic daripada
di dalam air,tetapi sebaliknya garam-garam alkaloid,glukosida,zat-zat lender,
dan sakarida memiliki kelarutan lebih baik dalam air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Macam-macam cairan penarik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span style="line-height: 150%;">Air</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Termasuk pelarut yang
murah dan mudah digunakan dengan pemakaian luas. Pada suhu kamar,air adalah
pelarut yang baik utnuk berbagai zat,misalnya garam
alkaloid,glukosida,sakarida,asam tumbuh-tumbuhan,zat warna,dan garam-garam
mineral. Air hangat atau mendidih mempercepat dan memperbanyak kelarutan
zat,kecuali Condurangin,kalsium hidrat,dan garam-glauber,karena kemungkinan
zat-zat yang tertarik akan mengendap (sebagian) jika cairan itu sudah mendingin
(suhu kamar).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Keuntungan
penarikandengan air adalah bahwa jenis jenis gula,gom,asam
tumbuh-tumbuhan,garam mineral,dan zat-zat warna akan tertarik atau melarut
lebih dahulu dan larutan yang terjadi ini dapat melarutkan zat-zat lain dengan
lebih baik dari pada oleh air saja,misalnyadamar-damar pada penarikan Cascara
cortex,atau sejumlah alkaloid pada penarikan dengan air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Kekurangan air sebagai
pelarut,yaitu karena iar dapat menarik banyak zat,namun banyak di antara zat
tersebut yang merupakan media yang baik untuk pertumbuhan jamur dan
bakteri,akibatnya simplisia mengembang sedemikian rupa sehingga mempersulit
penarikan pada perkolasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Etanol<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Etanol hanya dapat melarutkan zat-zat
tertentu,tidak sebanyak air dalam melarutkan berbagai jenis zat; oleh karena
itu lebih baik dipakai sebagai cairan penarik untuk sediaan galenik yang
mengandung zat berkhasiat tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Umumnya etanol adalah pelarut yang baik
untuk alkaloid,glikosida,dammar-damar,dan minyak atsiri,tetapi tidak untuk
jenis gom,gula,dan albumin. Etanol juga menyebabkan enzim-enzim tidak
bekerja,termasuk pengairan,serta menghalangi pertumbuhan jamur dan sebagian
besar bakteri sehingga di samping sebagai cairan penyari,juga berguna sebagai
pengawet. Campuran air-etanol,yaitu hidroalkoholik menstrum,lebih baik dari
pada air saja. Beberapa zat berkhasiat memiliki kelaurtan yang hamper sama
baiknya dalam air-etanol dan dalam spiritus fort sehingga biaya produksi dengan
air-etanol akan lebih murah. Kadar alcohol dalam cairan hidroalkoholik menstrum
tergantung pada sifat zat yang akan ditarik; terkadang karena bbeberapa
hal,kadarnya lebih kecil dari 3%. Kadang-kadang dalam proses penarikan,masing-masing
air dan alcohol dipergunakan lebih dahulu;pertama dengan air,kemudian
etanol,atau sebaliknya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Glycerinum<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Terutama dipergunakan sebagai cairan
tambahan pada cairan hidroalkoholik untuk penarikan simplisia yang mengandung
zat-zat samak. Glycerin adalah pelarut yang baik untuk tannin dan hasil-hasil
oksidasinya; jenis-jenis gom dan albumin juga larut dlam gliserin. Cairan ini
tidak atsiri sehingga tidak sesuai untuk pembuatan ekstrak-eksatrak
kering,tetapi baik sekali untuk pembuatan fluid gliserata,seperti yang
dipergunakan dalam N.F VIII,dengan perbandingan 3 volume air dengan 1 volume
gliserin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Eter<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Kebanyakan zat dalam simplisia tidak
larut dalam cairan ini,tetapi beberapa zat mempunyai kelarutan yang
baik,misalnya alkaloid basa,lemak-lemak,dammar,dan minyak atsiri. Karena eter
bersifat sangat atsiri,maka di samping memiliki efek farmakologi,cairan ini
kurang tepat digunakan sebagai menstrum sediaan galenik cair,baik utnuk
pemakaian dalam maupun untuk sediaan yang nantinya disimpan lama. Adakalanya eter
yang dipakai dicampur dengan etanol,misalnya Extractum Cubebarum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Solvent
Hexane<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Cairan ini adalah salah satu hasil dari
penyulingan minyak tanah kasar. Merupakan pelarut yang baik untuk lemak-lemak
dan minyak-minyak. Biasanya dipergunakan hanya untuk mengawalemakkan simplisia
yang mengandung lemak-lemak yang tidak diperlukan sebelum simplisia tersebut
diabuat sediaan galeniknya, misalnya Strychnin,Secale (NF IX).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Aseton<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Juga tidak dipergunakan untuk sediaan
galenik obat dalam. Merupakan pelarut yang baik untuk berbagai lemak,minyak
atsiri,dan dammar. Baunya kurang enak dan sukar hilang dari sediaan. Pemakaian
aseton misalnya pada pembuatan Capsicum Oleoresina (NF IX).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Kloroform<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Tidak dipergunakan untuk sediaan
–sediaan karena mempunyai efek farmakologi.merupakan pelarut yang baik untuk
alkaloid basa,dammar,minyak lemak,dan minyak atsiri. Air kloroform dipergunakan
pada pembuatan Extracum Secalis cornuti (Ph.Belanda V).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Metode Penarikan yang sering digunakan </span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">MASERASI</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">
Adalah cara penarikan sari dari simplisia dengan merendam simplisia tersebut
dalam cairan penyari pada ssuhu biasanya 15-25° C. Maserasi uga merupakan
proses pendahuluan untuk pembuatan secara perkolasi.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Kecuali di nyatakan lain
masersi dilakukan dengan cara sebagai berikut: sepuluh bagian simplisia atau
campuran simplisia denggan derazat halus yang cocok di masukan ke dalam sebuah
bejana,lalu di tuangi 75 bagian cairan penyari, di tutup dan di biarkan selama
lima hari terlindung cahaya dam sambil sering di aduk.setelah lima hari cairan
tersebut di serkai, dip eras,dicuci ampasnya dengan cairan penyari secukupnya
hingga di peroleh 100 bagian.Lalu maserat dipindah ke dalam bejana yang
tertutup dan di biarkan di tempat sejuk,terlindung dari cahaya selama dua
hari,Dengan demikian maserat sudah bisa di saring.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Kemudianmaserat di suling
atau di uapkanpada tekanan rendah dalam suhu tidah lebih dari 50° C hingga
konsistensi yang di kehendaki.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Maserat yang di buat di
maserasi dengan air segera di panasi pada suhu 90° C, Untuk mengendapkan putih
telur, agar sediaan dapat tahan lama.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">DIGERASI</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">
</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Digerasi
adalah cara penarikan simplisia dengan merendam simplisia dengan caairan
penyari pada suhu 35°-45° C. Cara ini sekarang sudah jarang dilakukan karena
disamping membutuhkan alat-alat tertentu juga pada suhu tertentu sering
kali beberapa simplisi a menjadi rusak. Dan hilang zat berkhasiat utamanya.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">
Disinilah banyak para ilmuan yang putus asa dalam percobaan mereka yang gagal
karena tidak memperhitungkan keuntungan dan kerugian dari pada metode digerasi
tersebut</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">PERKOLASI</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Perkolasi
adalah suatu cara penarikan memakai alat yang di sebut percolator,yang
simplisianya terendam dalam cairan penyaridimana zat-zatnya terlarut dan
larutan tersebut akan menetesscara beraturan keluar sampai memenuhu
syarat-syarat yang di tetapkan dalam Farmakope.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Kecuali di nyatakan lain,
perkolasi dilakukan dengan cara sebagai berikut:</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Sepuluh bagian simplisia
atauu campuran simplisia dengan derazat halus yang cocok di basahi dengan
2,5bagian 5 bagian cairan penyari, dimasukan ke dalam bejana tertutup
sekurang-kurangnya 3 jam</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Masa dipidahkan sedikit
demi sedikit ke dalam percolator sambil tiap kali di tekan dengan hati-hati di
tuangi cairan penyari secukupnya sampai cairan mulai menetes dan diatas simplisia
masih terdapat cairan penyari,pekolator di tutup, dan di biarkan selama 2 jam.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Cairan di biarkan menetes
dengan kecepatan 1 ml per menit, cairan penyari di tambahkan berulang-ulang
secukupnya sehingga selalu terdapat selapis cairan penyari secukupnya di atas
simplisia, hingga di peroleh 80 bagian perkolat. Masa diperas, campurkan
cairran perasan ke dalam perkolat, cairan penyari di tambahkan secukupnya
hingga di peroleh perkolat 100 bagian.Perkolat di pindahkan ke dalam bejana,
ditutup dan di biarkan selama dua hari di tempat yang sejuk dan terlindung dari
cahaya. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Tingtur harus jernih dan
ditempatkan dalam botol tertutup baik,diluar pengaruh cahaya dan di simpan di
tempat yang sejuk. Secara ekonomisbahan dasar yang di sari dapat dip eras
sekuat mungkin dengan perasan hidrolik.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Untuk bahan dasar yang
mengandung harsa di gunakan cairan penyari etanol 90% v/v, dan umumnya cairan
penyari adaalah etanol 70% v/v.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Yang penting tingtur yang
mengandung harsa dengan cairan penyari etanol 90% v/v adalah Benzoes Tinctura,
Myrrhae Tinctura.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">II.2 </span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Tingtur (Tinctura)<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Menurut FI IV,tingtur adalah larutan mengandung etanol atau
hidroalkohol yang dibuat dari bahan tumbuhan atau senyawa kimia. Jumlah obat
dalam tingtur yang berbeda tidak selalu seragam,tetapi bervariasi sesuai dengan
masing-maisng standar kecuali dinyatakan lain,tingtur dibuat menggunakan 20%
zta berkhasiat dan 10% utnuk zat berkhasiat keras. Maserasi kecuali dinyatakan
lain ,dilakukan sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">masukkan
20 bagian simplisia dengan derajat halus yang cocok ke dalam sebuah
bejana,tuangi dengan 75 bagian cairan penyari,tutup,biarkan selama 5 hari
terlindung dari cahaya sambil sering diaduk,erkai,peras. Cuci ampas dengan
cairan penyari secukupnya hingga diperoleh 100bagian.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">pindahkan
ke dalam bejana tertutup,biarkan di tempat sejuk dan terlandung dari cahaya
selama 2 hari,enap,tuangkan dan saring.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Penyimpanan <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
wadah tertutup rapat,terlindung dari cahaya , di tempat sejuk. Sediaan tingtur
harus jernih, untuk bahan dasar yang mengandung harsa digunakan cairan penyari
etanol 90%. Pada umumnya cairan penyari adalah etanol 70%. Tingtur yang
mengandung harsa (damar) adalah mira tincture,asaefoetila tincura,capsici
tincture,tingtur menyan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Pembagian
Tingtur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Menurut
cara pembuatan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Tincture Asli<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Adalah tincture yang dibuat secara maserasi/perkolasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Tinctur Tidak Asli (Palsu)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Adalah tincture yang dibuat dengan jalan melarutkan bahan dasar atau
bahan kimia dalam cairan pelarut tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Menurut
Kekerasan (perbandingan bahan dasar dengan cairan penyari) <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Tinctur Keras<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">adalah tingtur yang dibuat menggunakan 10% simplisia yang berkhasiat
keras.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Tinctur Lemah<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Adalah tincture yang dibuat menggunakan 20% simplisia yang tidak
berkhasiat keras.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan
Cairan Penariknya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Tinctura Aetherea,jika cairan
penariknya adalah eter atau campuran eter dengan etanol.contoh: Tinctura
Valerianae Aetherea.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Tinctura Vinosa,jika cairan yang
dipakai adalah campuran anggur dengan etanol.contoh: Tinctura Rhei Vinosa
(Vinum Rhei)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Tinctura Acida,jika ke dalam etanol
yang dipakai sebagai cairan penarik ditambahkan suatu asam sulfat. Contoh :
pada pembuatan Tinctura Acida Aromatica.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Tinctura Aquosa,jika cairan penarik
yang dipakai adalah air . contohnya Tinctura Rhei Aquosa.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">e.<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Tinctura Composita,adalah tingtur
ynag didapatkan jika penarikan yang dilakukan dengan cairan penarik selain
etanol,hal ini harus dinyatakan pada nama tincture tsb, misalnya pada campuran
simplisia,contoh: Tinctura Chinae Composita.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Contoh Sediaan Tingtur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Tingtur kina (<i>Chinae Tinctura</i>),Tingtur Ipeka (Ipecacuanhae Tinctura),Tingtur
gambir (Catechu Tinctura), Tingtur polygala(Polygalae Tinctura), Tingtur
ratania(Ratanhiae Tinctura) Tingtur stramonii (Stramonii Tinctura),Tingtur
Striknin (Strychni Tinctura),Tingtur Kemenyan (Benzoes Tinctura),Tingtur
Lobelia (Lobelia Tinctura),Tingtur Mira(Myrrhae Tinctura),dll.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">II.</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">3</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Ekstrak (Ekstracta)<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Menurut FE
IV,ekstrak adalah sediaan pekat yang diperoleh dengan mengekstraksi zat aktif
dari simplisia hewani menggunakan pelarut yang sesuai,kemudiaan semua atau
hamper semua pelarut diuapkan dan massa atau serbuk yang tersisa diperlakukan
sedemikian sehingga memenuhi baku yang telah ditetapkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Sebagian
besar ekstrak dibuat dengan mengekstraksi bahan baku obat secara
perkolasi.seluruh perkolat biasanya dipekatkan dengan cara destilasi dengan
pengurangan tekanan agar bahan utama obat sesedikit mungkin terkena panas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Ekstrak cair
adalah sediaan cair simplisia nabati yang mengandung etanol sebagai
pelarut,pengawet,atau keduanya. Jika tidak dinyatakan lain pada masing-masing
monografi,tiap milliliter ekstrak mengandung bahan aktif dari 1g simplisia yang
memenuhi syarat. Ekstrak cair yang cenderung membentuk endapan dapat didiamkan
dan disaring atau bagian beningnya dienaptuangkan. Beningan yang diperoleh
memenuhi persyaratan farmakope.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
literature lainnya,ekstrak ada tiga macam yaitu ekstrak
kering(siccum),kental(spissum),dan cair(liquidum), yang dibuat dengan menyari
simplisia nabati dan hewani menurut cara yang sesuai diluar pengaruh cahaya
matahari langsung. Ekstrak kering harus mudah digerus menjadi serbuk. Cairan penyari
yang dipakai adalah air,eter,serta campuran etanol dan air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Contoh
Ekstrak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Ekstrak
Belladonae,Ekstrak Hiosiami,Ekstark Akar Manis (<i>Glycyrrhizae Succus Extractum</i>),Ekstrak Timi (<i>Thymi Ekstractum</i>),Ekstrak Striknin (<i>Strychin Extractum</i>),Ekstrak Pule Pandak(<i>Rauwolfiae Extractum</i>),Ektrak Kelembak (<i>Rhei Extractum</i>),dll<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">II.</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">4</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Infus (Infusa)<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
FI IV,infusa adalah sediaan cair yang dibuat dengan mengekstraksi simplisia
nabati dengan air pada suhu 90<sup>o</sup>C selama 15 Menit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Cara
Pembuatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Campur
simplisia yang memiliki derajat halus sesuai dengan dalam panci dengan air
secukupya,panaskan diatas tangas air selama 15menit terhitung mulai suhu
mencapai 90<sup>o</sup>C sambil
sekali-sekali diaduk. Serkai selagi panas melalui kain flannel,tambahkan air
panas secukupnya melalui ampas hingga diperoleh volume infuse yang dikehendaki.
Infuse daun sena dan infuse yang mengandung minyak atsiri diserkai setelah
dingin. Infuse daun sena,infuse asam jawa,dan infuse simplisia lain yang
mengandung lender tidak boleh diperas. Sebelum dibuat infuse asam jawa dibuang
bijinya dan diremas dengan air hingga diperoleh massa seperti bubur,sedangkan
buah adas manis dan buah adas harus dipecah dahulu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Hal-hal yang harus diperhatikan dalam
membuat sediaan Infus :<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Jumlah
Simplisia <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Kecuali dinyatakan lain,infuse yang
mengandung bahan tidak berkhasisat keras dibuat dengan menggunakan 10%
simplisia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Derajat
Halus Simplisia<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Yang digunakan untuk infuse harus
mempunyai derajat halus sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.9pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Serbuk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 352.9pt;" valign="top" width="471"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Bahan-Bahan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.9pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Serbuk 5/8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 352.9pt;" valign="top" width="471"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Akar manis,daun kumis kucing,daun
sirih,daun sena.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.9pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Serbuk 6/10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 352.9pt;" valign="top" width="471"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Dringo,kelembak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.9pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Serbuk 10/22<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 352.9pt;" valign="top" width="471"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Laos,akar valerian,temulawak, jahe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.9pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Serbuk 22/60<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 352.9pt;" valign="top" width="471"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Kulit Kina,akar ipeka,sekale
komutum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</tr>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.9pt;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Serbuk 85/120<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 352.9pt;" valign="top" width="471"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Daun digitalis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Banyaknya
air ekstra<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Umumnya untuk membuat sediaan infuse
diperlukan penambahan air sebanyak 2 kali bobot simplisia. Air ekstra ini perlu
karena simplisia yang digunakan pada umumnya dalam keadaan kering.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Cara
Menyerkai<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Pada umumnya infuse diserkai selagi
panas,kecuali infuse simplisia yang mengandung minyak atsiri diserkai setelah
dingin. Infuse daun sena,infuse asam jawa dan infuse simplisia lain yang
mengandung lender tdak boleh diperas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Penambahan
bahan-bahan lain<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Penambahan bahan-bahan lain dimaksudkan untuk menambah
kelarutan, untuk menambah kestabilan,dan untuk menghilangkan zat-zat yang
menyebabkan efek lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">II.</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">5</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Air Aromatik (Aqua
Aromatica)<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Menurut FI IV,kecuali dinyatakan lain, air aromatic adalah
larutan jernih dan jenuh dalam air dari minyak mudah menguap atau senyawa
aromatic atau bahan mudah menguap lain. Bau dan rasanya mirip dengan obat atau
senyawa mudah menguap yang ditambahkan,dan bebas dari bau empirematik dan bau
asing lainnya. Air aromatic dapat dibuat secara destilasi atau dibuat dari
larutan senyawa aromatic,dengan atau tanpa menggunakan bahan pendispersi. Air
aromatic perlu disimpan terlindung cahaya dan panas berlebih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;"> Menurut literatu yang lain,air
aromatic adalah larutan jenuh minyak atsiri atau zat-zat yang beraroma dalam
air. Di antara air aromatic,ada yang mempunyai daya terapi yang lemah,tetapi
terutama digunakan untuk member aroma pada obat-obat atau sebagai pengawet. Air
aromatic harus mempunyai baud an rasa yang menyerupai bahan asal,bebas bau
empirematik atau bau lainnya,tidak berwarna,dan tidak berlendir.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Cara Pembuatan :<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Larutkan
minyak atsiri sejumlah yang tertera dalam masing-masing monografi dalam 60 ml
etanol 95%.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Tambahkan
air sedikit demi sedikit sampai volume 100 ml sambil dikocok kuat-kuat.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Tambahkan
500 mg talk,kocok,diamkan,saring.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Encerkan
1 bagian filtrate dengan 39 bagian air.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Air
Aromatika yang tertera dalam FI II,ada
3,yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="line-height: 150%;">Aqua Foeniculi</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%;">,adalah larutan jenuh minyak adas
dalam air. Aqua Foeniculi dibuat dengan melarutkan 4g oleum foeniculi dalam 60
ml etanol 90%,tambahkan air sampai 100ml sambil dikocok kuat-kuat,tambahkan
500mg talk,kocok,diamkan,saring. Encerkan 1 bagian filtrate dalam 39 bagian
air.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="line-height: 150%;">Aqua Menthae Piperitae </span></i><span style="line-height: 150%;">(Air Permen) adalah larutan jenuh
minyak permen dalam air.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="line-height: 150%;">Aqua Rosae </span></i><span style="line-height: 150%;">(air mawar) adalah larutan jenuh
minyak mawar dalam air.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">II.</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">6</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Minyak Lemak<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan
campuran senyawa asam lemak bersuku tinggi (Berbobot Molekul (BM) tinggi atau
berantai karbon panjang/long chain triglycerides (C16-C22)) dengan gliserin
(gliserida asam lemak bersuku tinggi).Disimpan kevuali dinyatakan lain dalam
wadah tertutup baik,terisi penuh,dan terlindnung dari cahaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Syarat-syarat
untuk minyak lemak,antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Harus
jernih; lemak yang cair harus jernih,begitupun yang padat sesudah dihangatkan
(diatas suhu leburnya)tidak boleh berbau tengik.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Kecuali
dinyatakan lain,harus larut dalam segala perbandingan dalam CHCl<sub>3</sub>,eter
dan eter minyak tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Harus
memnuhi syarat-syarat minyak mineral,minyak harsa dan minyak-minyak asing
lainnya,senyawa belerang dan logam berat.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan
minyak lemak :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Sebagai
zat tambahan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Sebagai
pelarut,misalnya sebagai pelarut obat suntik,lotio dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Sebagai
antiracun,untuk racun yang tidak larut dalam lemak (racunnya dibalut lemak,lalu
segera diberi pencahar atau emetikum) tetapi jika racun yang larut dalam lemak
maka dalam bentuk terlarut absorbs dipercepat.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Sebagai
obat,misalnya : oleum ricini digunakan sebagai obat pencahar.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Minyak
lemak dibagi dalam 2 golongan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">·<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Minyak-minyak
yang dapat mongering,misalnya: oleum lini,dan oleum ricini.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">·<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Minyak-minyak
yang tidak dapat mengering,misalnya: oleum arachidis,oleum olivarium,oleum
sesami.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Contoh-contoh
minyak Lemak:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Minyak
Kacang(<i>Oleum Arachidis</i>),Minyak Coklat
(<i>Oleum Cacao</i>),Minyak Kelapa (<i>Oleum Cocos</i>),Minyak Ikan (<i>Oleum Iecoris Aselli</i>),Minyak Lini (<i>Oleum Lini</i>),Minyak Zaitun (<i>Oleum Olivae</i>),Minyak jarak(<i>Oleum Ricini</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">II.</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">7</span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> Minyak Atsiri<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Minyak
atsiri juga disebut sebagai minyak menguap atau minyak terbang.Olea Volatililia
adalah campuran bahna-bahan berbau keras yang menguap,yang diperoleh baik
secara penyulingan atau perasan simplisia segar maupun secara sintetis.
Diperoleh dari tumbuh-tumbuhan contohnya daun,bunga,kulit buah,buah,atau dibuat
secara sintetis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Sifat
–sifat minyak atsiri :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Mudah
menguap<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Rasa
yang tajam<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Wangi
yang khas<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Tidak
larut dalam air,namun larut dalam pelarut organic<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Minyak
atsiri yang segar tidak berwarna,sedikit kuning muda.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Contoh-contoh
minyak atsiri :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span style="line-height: 150%;">Oleum Foenniculi</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%;"> (minyak adas),<i>Oleum Anisi </i>(Minyak Adas manis),<i>Oleum
Caryophylli</i>(minyak cengkeh),<i>Oleum Citri</i>(minyak
jeruk),<i>Oleum Aurantii</i> (minyak jeruk
manis),<i>Oleum Eucalypti</i>(Minyak kayu
putih),<i>Oleum Rosae</i>(Minyak Mawar).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">II.</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">8</span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> Sirop<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Sirop adalah sediaan cair berupa larutan yang mnegandung
sakarosa.kadar sakarosa (C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub>)tidak
kurang dari 64% dan tidak lebih dari 66%.Disimpan pada wadah yang tertutup
rapat dan di tempat sejuk. Dibuat dengan cara cairan untuk
sirop,panaskan,tambahkan gula jika perlu didihkan hingga larut. Tambahkan air
mendidih secukupnya hingga diperoleh bobot yang dikehendaki,buang busa yang
terjadi,serkai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Cara
memasukkan sirop ke dalam botol :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Hal
ini penting untuk kestabilan sirop dalam penyimpanan. Supaya awet (tidak
berjamur) sebaiknya sirop disimpan dengan cara :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Sirop
yang sudah dingin disimpan dalam wadah yang kering,namun perlu diperhatikn agar
pada saat pendinginan tidak terjadi pencemaran hingga dapat terjadi pencemaran.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Mengisikan
sirop panas-panas ke dalam botol panas (karena sterilisasi) sampai penuh sekali
sehingga ketika disumbat dengan gabus terjadi sterilisasi sebagian gabusnya,lalu
sumbat gabus di celup dalam lelehan paraffin solidum yang menyebabkan sirop
terlindung dari pengotoran udara luar.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Sterilisasi
sirop; disini harus diperhitungkan apakah pemanasan 30menit tidak dapat
mengakibatkan gula invert.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Penetapan
kadar sakarosanya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Timbang
seksama ± 25gr sirop dalam labu terukur 100ml,tambahkan 50 ml air dan sedikit
larutan alumunium hidroksida P. Tambahkan larutan timbale(II) subaserat P tetes demi tetes
hingga tetes terakhir hingga tidak menimbulkan kekeruhan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Tambhakan
air secukupya hingga 100,0 ml saring,bunag 10ml filtrate pertama. Masukkan
±45,0 ml filtrate ke dalam labu terukur 50 ml,tambahkan campuran 79 bagian
volume asam klorida P dan 21 bagian volume air secukupnya hingga 50,0 ml.
Panaskan labu dalam tangas air pada suhu antara 68<sup>o</sup>C dan 70<sup>o</sup>C
selama 10 menit,dinginkan dengan cepat sehingga suhu ± 20<sup>o</sup>C jika
perlu hilangkan warna dengan menggunakan tidak lebih dari 100 mg arang
penyerap.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Ukur
rotasi optic larutan yang belum diinversi dan sesudah inverse menggunakan tabung
22,0 cm pada suhu pengukur yang sama antara 10<sup>o</sup>C dan 25<sup>o</sup>C.
Hitung kadar dalam %, C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub> dengan rumus :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'><m:r>C</m:r><m:r>=</m:r></span></i><m:f><m:fPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
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normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'><m:r>300</m:r><m:r>x</m:r><m:r>(</m:r><m:r>α</m:r><m:r>1-</m:r><m:r>α</m:r><m:r>2)</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif"'><m:r>144-0,5</m:r><m:r>t</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath></m:oMathPara><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">C</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">= Kadar Sakarosa (%)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">α 1</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">= rotasi optic larutan yang belum
diinversi<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">α 2</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">= rotasi optic larutan yang sudah
diinversi</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">t = suhu pengukuran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Contoh-contoh sediaan sirop :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Ferrosi Iodidi Sirupus,Sirupus Simplex (Sirop
Gula),Aurantii Sirupi (Sirop Jeruk Manis),Sirupus Thyni (Sirop timi)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">III.1 Kesimpulan
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan hasil penjabaran
maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa macam-macam sediaan steril lainnya yakni sediaan
galenika berdasarkan bentuk terbagi atas tiga bagian yakni<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Hasil penarikan :
extracta,tingtura,decocta atau Infusa.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Hasil penyulingan atau pemerasan :
aqua</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">aromatika,olea
volatilia (minyak mudah menguap), olea pinguia (minyak lemak)</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">,dan </span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level3 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Sirop</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">III.2 Saran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan pada makalah ini,dimaksudkan untuk memberikan
penambahan informasi dalam pemebelajaran terkait sediaan farmasi lainnya
galenik,maka di sarankan bagi pembaca agar dapat menambah atau melengkapi
informasi anda lewat media pembelajaran lainnya.</span></span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7529126109384346954.post-58355807189086275132013-01-22T15:30:00.003+08:002013-01-22T16:47:09.608+08:00Sediaan Nasal<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;">Makalah teknologi dan formulasi sediian steril.........</span></b></div>
<a name='more'></a><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">I.1 </span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">Hidung mempunyai tugas menyaring udara dari segala macam
debu yang masuk ke dalam melalui hidung. Tanpa penyaringan ini mungkin debu ini
dapat mencapai paru-paru. Bagian depan dari rongga hidung terdapat rambut hidung
yang berfungsi menahan butiran debu kasar, sedangkan debu halus dan bakteri
menempel pada mukosa hidung. Dalam rongga hidung udara dihangatkan sehingga
terjadi kelembaban tertentu.</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">Mukosa hidung tertutup oleh suatu lapisan yang disebut
epitel respirateris yang terdiri dari sel-sel rambut getar dan sel “leher”.
Sel-sel rambut getar ini mengeluarkan lendir yang tersebar rata sehingga
merupakan suatu lapisan tipis yang melapisi mukosa hidung dimana debu dan
bakteri ditahan dan melekat. Debu dan bakteri melekat ini tiap kali dikeluarkan
ke arah berlawanan dengan jurusan tenggorokan. Yang mendorong adalah rambut
getar hidung dimana getarannya selalu mengarah keluar. Gerakannya speerti
cambuk, jadi selalu mencambuk keluar, dengan demikian bagian yang lebih dalam
dari lapisan bulu getar ini selalu bersih dan “steril”. Biasanya pada pagi hari
hal ini dapat dicapai.</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">Dengan penjelasan sepintas tersebut diatas dapat dengan
mudah dipahami, bahwa segala sesuatu yang masuk (khususnya obat) ke dalam
hidung secara sengaja tidak boleh menghalangi fungsi dari rambut getar
sebagaimana dijelaskan di atas. Harga pH lapisan lendir sekitar 5,5-5,6 pada
orang dewasa, sedangkan pada anak-anak 5-6,7 pada pH kurang dari 6,5 biasanya
tidak diketemukan bakteri dan bila lebih dari 6,5 mulai ada bakteri.</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">Sediaan untuk pengobatan hidung merupakan salah satu
sediaan steril. Pertimbangan dalam pembuatan steril adalah memperhatikan
stabilitas bahan aktif dan bahan-bahan tambahan yang akan membantu sediaan
menjadi bentuk sediaan yang dikehendaki pada proses sterilisasi. </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">I.2 </span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">Tujuan <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">Tujuan dari pembuatan makalah ini adalah mengetahui lebih
dalam jenis</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">
– jenis obat</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"> dan </span><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">sediaan steril yang digunakan pada
hidung</span><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">untuk pengobatan penyakit.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">I.3 </span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">Manfaat<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">Setelah membaca makalah ini, semoga para pembaca
mendapatkan pemahaman yang bertambah tentang hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan
sedaian steril</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">
yang digunakan pada hidung</span><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">. Selanjutnya dapat </span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">mengetahui cara dan jenis pengobatan
yang dapat diberikan saat terjadi masalah atau gangguan pada hidung</span><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">.</span><b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">BAB
II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Hidung
eksternal berbentuk piramid, disertai suatu akar dan dasar. Bagian ini tersusun
dari kerangka tulang, kartilago hialin, dan jaringan fibroareolar. Septum nasal
membagi hidung menjadi sisi kiri dan kanan rongga nasal, bagian anterior septum
adalah kartilago. Naris (nostril) eksternal dibatasi oleh kartilago nasal:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Kartilago nasal lateral
terletak di bawah jembatan hidung, dan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Ala
besar dan ala kecil kartilago nasal mengelilingi naostril.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Tulang
hidung:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Tulang
nasal membentuk jembatan dan bagian superior kedua sisi hidung,<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Volume
dan lempeng perpendikular tulang etmoid membentuk bagian posterior septrum
nasal,<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Lantai
rongga nasal adalah polatum keras yang terbentuk dari tulang maksila dan
polatinum, <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Langit
– langit rongga nasal pada sisi medial terbentuk dari lempeng kribriform tulang
eteroid, pada sisi anterior terbentuk dari tulang frontal dan nasal, dan pada
sisi posterior terbentuk dari tulang sfenoid,<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Konka
(turbinatum) nasalis superior tengah, dan inferior menonjol pada sisi medial
dinding lateral rongga nasal. Setiap konka dilapisi membran mukosa (epitel
kolumnar bertingkat dan bersilia) yang berisi kelenjar pembuat mukus dan banyak
mengandung pembuluh darah.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Meatus
superior, medial, dan inferior merupakan jalan udara rongga nasal yang terletak
di bawah konka<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Sinus
paranasal terdiri atas empat pasang (frontal, etmoid, maksilar, dan sfenoid).
Sinus ini dilapisi membran mukosa. Sinus berfungsi untuk menghasilkan tulang
kranial, memberi area permukaan tambahan pada saluran nasal untuk menghatkan
dan melembabkan udara yang masuk, serta memproduksi dan memberi efek resonansi
dalam produksi wicara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Sinus
paranasal mengalirkan cairannya ke meatus rongga nasal melalui duktus
kecil yang terletak di area tubuh yang
lebih tinggi dari area lantai sinus. Pada posisi tegak, aliran mukus ke dalam
rongga nasal mungkin terhambat, terutama pada kasus infeksi sinus. Duktus
nasallakrimal dan kelenjar air mata membuka ke arah meatus inferior.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">II.1 Membran
mukosa nasal<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Kulit pada bagian
eksternal permukaan hidung mengandung folikel rambut, keringat dan kelenjar
sebasea, merentang sampai vestibula yang terletak di dalam nostril. Kulit pada
bagian dalam ini mengandung rambut (vibrissae) yang berfungsi menyaring partikel
dari udara yang terhisap.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Pada bagian rongga
nasal lebih dalam, epitelium respiratorik membentuk mukosa yang melapisi ruang
nasal selebihnya. Lapisan ini terdiri dari epitelium bersilia dengan sel goblet
yang terletak pada lapisan jaringan ikat tervaskularisasi dan terus memanjang
untuk melapisi saluran pernapasan sampai ke bronkus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi dari membran mukosa ini adalah
untuk:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Menyaring partikel
halus<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Menghangaktan dan
melembabkan udara yang masuk<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Resepsi bau (odor)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">II.2 Sediaan
nasal<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Kebanyakan sediaan
intranasal mengandung agen adrenergik dan digunakan karena aktivitas
dekongestan pada mukosa nasal. Akan tetapi, dengan pengembangan bentuk sediaan
dan penghantaraan baru, maka lapisan membran mukosa merupakan tempat masuk obat
baru (new entry) yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk sediaan sistemik. Beberapa obat
yang diberikan untuk pengobatan nasal adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">- Antibiotik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">- Sulfasetamide<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">- Vasokontriktor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">- Germisid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">- Antiseptik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Kebanyakan sediaan
berbentuk larutan dan diberikan sebagai obat tetes hidung atau obat semprot
(sprays); beberapa sediaan terdapat pula dalam bentuk jeli. Beberapa contoh
produk yang sudah beredar dipasaran dapat dilihat pada tabel dibawah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Nama Produk<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.9pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Nama Produsen<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.8pt;" valign="top" width="152"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Bahan Aktif<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.05pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan
/ indikasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.35pt;" valign="top" width="146"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Afrin nasal Spray,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Afrin Nose Drops<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Schering - plough<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Ozymetazole HCl 0.05%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.05pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Adrenergic. decongestant<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.35pt;" valign="top" width="146"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Beconase AQ Nasal Spray<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.9pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Glaxo Smith Kline<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.8pt;" valign="top" width="152"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Beclometasone dipropionate 0.042%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.05pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Syntetic corticosteroid for
relief of seasonal, perennial allergic, vasommotor rhinitis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.35pt;" valign="top" width="146"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Diapid Nasal Spray<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.9pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Sandoz<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.8pt;" valign="top" width="152"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Lopressin 0.185 mg/mL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.05pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Antidiuretic, control, prevention
of diabetes insipidus of deficiency of endogenous posterir pituitary
antidiuretic hormone.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.35pt;" valign="top" width="146"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Nasalcrom Nasal Spray<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.9pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Pharmaci & Upjohn<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.8pt;" valign="top" width="152"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Cromolyn sodium 4%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.05pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Prevention and treatment of
symtoms of allergic rhinitis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.35pt;" valign="top" width="146"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Nasalide Nasal Solution<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.9pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Dura<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.8pt;" valign="top" width="152"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Flunisolide 0.025%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.05pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Symptoms of seasonal or perennial
rhinitis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.35pt;" valign="top" width="146"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Neo-Synephrine Nose Drops, Spray<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.9pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Sanofi – Winthrop <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.8pt;" valign="top" width="152"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Phenylephrine HCl 0.125 to 1.0%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.05pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Adrenergic, decongestant<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.35pt;" valign="top" width="146"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Neo-Synephrine Maximum Strength
12 Hour<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.9pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Sanofi – Winthrop<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.8pt;" valign="top" width="152"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Ozymetazoline HCl 0.05%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.05pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Adrenergic, decongestant<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.35pt;" valign="top" width="146"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Ocean Mist<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.9pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Fleming<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.8pt;" valign="top" width="152"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Sodium chloride 0.65%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.05pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Restore moisture, relieve dry,
crusted, inflamed nasal membranes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.35pt;" valign="top" width="146"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Pivine HCl Nasal Solution<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.9pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Novartis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.8pt;" valign="top" width="152"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Naphazoline HCl 0.05%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.05pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Adrenergic, decongestant<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.35pt;" valign="top" width="146"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Syntocinon Nasal Spray<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.9pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Sandoz<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.8pt;" valign="top" width="152"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Oxytocin 40U/ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.05pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Synthetic oxytocin for initial
milk let-down preparatory to breast feeding<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.35pt;" valign="top" width="146"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Tyzine Pediatric Nose Drops<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.9pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Key<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.8pt;" valign="top" width="152"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Tetrahydrozoline HCl (0.05%)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.05pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Adrenergic, decongestant<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt 415.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Sediaan – sediaan yang ada biasa
diberikan dengan empat cara, yaitu: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Yang biasanya adalah dengan meneteskan pada bagian tiap
lubang hidung dengan menggunakan pipet tetes.</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Dengan cara disemprotkan, alatnya ada yang jenis untuk
mendapatkan hasil semprotan beruba kabut (atomizer) ada juga yang agak halus
(neulizer) artinya lebih halus dari atomizer.</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES" style="line-height: 150%;">Dengan cara mencucikan dengan alat
“nasal douche”</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Dapat juga dengan cara “inheler”.</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">II.2.1 Larutan
dekongestan nasal<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Kebanyakan larutan dekongestan nasal
menggunakan pembawa air, isotonis terhadap cairan nasal (lebih kurang ekivalen
dengan 0.9% NaCl), didapar untuk menjaga satibilitas obat dengan pH sekitar pH
cairan nasal normal (pH 5.5 – 6.5) dan jika perlu distabilkan dan diberi
pengawet. Pengawet antimikroba yang digunakan sama dengan pengawet yang digunakan
untuk larutan oftalmik .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Konsentrasi agen adrenergik dalam
kebanyakan larutan dekongestan nasal cukup rendah, berkisar antara 0.05 – 1.0%.
Beberapa sediaan komersialm tersedia dalam bentuk untuk orang dewasa dan
pediatrik, dimana konsentrasi sediaan pediatrik sekitar separuh dari kekuatan
konsentrasi orang dewasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Kebanyakan obat adrenergik yang
digunakan untuk larutan dekongestan nasal adalah senyawa sintetik. Bagian
terbesar larutan yang digunakan untuk sediaan nasal, dikemasa dalam botol tetes
atau botol semprot (spray) plastik dengan volume 15 – 30ml. Produk harus stabil
dalam kontener dan kemasan tertutup rapat bila tidak digunakan. Pasien harus
diberi tahu bahwa ada perbedaan durasi efek dekongestan topikal. Sebagai contoh
fenilefrin harus digunakan setiap 3 – 4 jam, sedangkan oksimetazolin yang
bekerja lama, cukup digunakan setiap 12 jam saja. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">II.2.2 Obat
tetes hidung<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">FI Ed. III : Tetes hidung adalah obat tetes yang digunakan untuk hidung
dengan cara meneteskan obat ke dalam rongga hidung, dapat mengandung zat
pensuspensi, pendapar dan pengawet. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Lukas (Formulasi Steril): Larutan dalam air atau
dalam pembawa minyak yang digunakan dengan meneteskannya atau menyemprotkannya
ke dalam lubang hidung pada daerah nasofaring.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Tetes
hidung harus steril dan untuk untuk menjaga agar oaat terhindar dari
kontaminasi, maka penambahan preservatif juga dilakukan misalnya dengan nipagin
atau nipasol atau kombinasi keduanya. Nipagin dipakai 0,04-0,01 %; sedangkan
campurannya dapat dibuat dengan kombinasi Nipagin (0.026%) + Nipasol (0.014%). </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Secara
umum untuk obat (tetes) hidung harus diperhatikan :</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Sebaiknya digunakan pelarut air</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Jangan menggunakan obat yang cenderung
akan mengerem fungsi rambut getar epitel</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">pH larutan sebaiknya diatur sekitar
5,5-6,5 dan agar pH tersebut stabil hendaknya ditambahkan dapar (buffer)</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Usahakan agar larutan isotonis</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;"> Agar supaya obat dapat tinggal lama dalam
rongga hidung dapat diusahakan penambahan bahan yang menaikkan viskositasnya
agar mendekati secret lendir hidung</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">Hendaknya
dihindari larutan obat (tetes) hidung yang bereaksi alkali</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">Penting
untuk diketahui <i>jangan sampai bayi diberi tetes hidung yang mengandung
menthol, karena dapat menyebabkan karam (kejang) pada jalan pernafasan</i></span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">8.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Harus tetap stabil selama dalam
pemakaian pasien</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">9.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%;">Harus mengandung antibakteri untuk
mereduksi pertumbuhan bakteri selama dan pada saat obat diteteskan.</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">II.2.3 Larutan
inhalasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Inhalasi adalah obat atau larutan obat
yang diberikan melalui nasal atau rute pernapasan oral. Obat dapat diberikan
untuk bekerja lokal pada pohon bronkhail atau untuk efek sistemik melalui
absorpsi dari paru-paru. Beberapa gas, seperti oksigen dan eter, diberikan
secara inhalasi, obat berbentuk serbuk halus dan larutan obat diberikan sebagai
kabut halus. Sebagai pembawa sediaan inhalasi dapat digunakan air steril untuk
injeksi USP atau larutan natrium klorida inhalasi USP.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Instrumen yang digunakan secara luas dan
mampu menghasilkan partikel halus untuk terapi inhalasi adalah “<i>nebulizer”</i>.
Alat ini mengandung unit atomisasi yang tersambung dengan ruang kaca berbentuk
bola. Bola karet pada ujung akhir kemasan ditekan dan larutan oral dikeluarkan
melalui tabung gelas sempit dan pecah (terdistribusi) menjadi partikel halus
bersama-sama dengan udara yang lewat. Rentang ukuran partikel yang dihasilkan
adalah 0.5 dan 5 mikron. Partikel terbesar berupa tetesan yang lebih berat dari
kabut tidak keluar dari alat, akan tetapi jatuh balik ke dalam reservior cairan
obat. Partikel yang lebih ringan terbawa aliran udara dan dihisap oleh pasien
yang mengoperasikan <i>“nebulizer” </i> dengan lubang keluar dalam mulut, dihisap
sesudah bola karet ditekan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Selain
<i>“nebulizer” </i>dapat pula digunakan alat lain, di antaranya larutan
inhalasi isoetharim (bronkosal, sanofi) dan larutan isoproterenol (Isuprel
Solution Sanofi). Keduanya digunakan untuk menghilangkan spasma asma bronkhral
dan kondisi terkait.</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">II.2.4 Inhalan</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Inhalan adalah obat atau gabungan obat
yang, karena efek tekanan tinggi, dapat terbawa oleh aliran udara ke dalam alur
hidung tempat obat menunjukkan efeknya. Alat yang menampung obat atau gabungan
obat dan alat pemberian obat berbentuk inhaler.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa dekongestan nasal dibuat dalam
bentuk inhalan. Sebagai contoh, propilheksedrin (Benzedrex) merupakan suatu
cairan yang menguap (<i>Volatilize) </i>secara perlahan-lahan pada suhu kamar.
Inhaler mengandung rol silindris material berserat (<i>fibrous) </i>yang
dibacam (imprignasi) dengan obat yang menguap (volatile) tersebut. Inhaler yang
berbau seperti amina, biasanya baunya ditutup dengan penambahan agen aromatik.
Inhaler diletakkkan ke dalam nostrail dan uap dihirup untuk menghilangkan
kongesti nasal. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Hal yang perlu diperhatikan, seperti
halnya dengan agen adrenergik nasal lainnya, adalah pemakaian yang terlalu
sering atau penghisapan berlebihan dapat menyebabkan edema nasal dan akibatnya
akan meningkatkan kongesti, bukan menurunkan. Untuk menjamin bahwa obat tidak
hilang selama periode penyimpanan, penutup inhaler harus kedap. (Contoh bentuk
sediaan yang beredar di Indonesia adalah Vick’s Inhaler)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Inhaler
amilnitrit<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Amilnitrit adalah cairan jernih
kekuning-kuningan yang menguap, bekerja sebagai modulator bila dihirup. Dibuat
dalam vial gelas tersegel yang ditutup dengan penutup dari kasa (gauze)
pelindung. Pada saat akan digunakan, vila gelas dipecahkan dengan jari, kasa
akan terendam dalam cairan, dimana uap dapat dihirup. Vial biasanya mengandung
0.3 ml obat. Efek obat cepat, dan digunakan dalam pengobatan nyeri angina.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Inhalan
propilheksidin </span></i><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Propilheksidin adalah suatu agen
adrenergik cair (vasokonstriktor) yang menguap (valatile) secara perlahan-lahan
pada suhu kamar. Hal ini memungkinkan penggunaan secara efektif sebagai
inhalan. Inhalan terdiri dari rol silinder material berserat yang sesuai,
dibacam dengan propilheksidin, dan diberi aroma yang sesuai untuk menutupi bau
amina. Uap dari obat dihirup melalui nostril bila diperlukan untuk
menghilangkan kongesti nasal yang disebabkan oleh flu dan demam tinggi. Dapat
pula digunakan untuk menghilangkan kuping tersumbat (ear block) dan nyeri
tertekan saat bepergian dengan pesawat udara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Setiap tabung plastik produk komersial
mengandung 250 mg propilheksidin dengan aroma penutup bau. Kontener harus
ditutup kedap untuk mencegah hilangnya obat akibat penguapan selama
penyimpanan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">II.3 Rute
nasal efek sistemik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Rute nasal penghataran obat menarik
karena selalu dicari rute pemberian obat yang tidak dapat diberikan baik secara
oral maupun parenteral dari obat hasil sintesis secara biologi, yaitu peptida
dan polipeptida. Polipeptida seperti insulin yang dirusak oleh cairan saluran
cerna, diberikan secara injeksi. Mukosal nasal menunjukkan prospek yang baik
untuk absorpsi sistemik dari beberapa peptida, di samping obat nonpeptida,
seperti skopolamin, hidralazin, progesteron, dan propanolol. Rute nasal
memberikan pula keuntungan pada obat nonpeptida yang diabsorpsi buruk secara
oral. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Jaringan nasal orang dewasa mempunyai
kapasitas sekitar 20 ml, dengan luas permukaan cukup besar (sekitar 180 cm<sup>2</sup>)
untuk absorpsi obat yang dimungkinkan oleh adanya “microvilli” di sepanjang
sel-sel epitel kolumnar dari mukosa nasal. Jaringan nasal penuh dengan pembuluh
darah sehingga merupakan lokasi yang menarik untuk absorpsi sistemik secara
cepat dan efektif. Salah satu keuntungan besar dari absorpsi nasal adalah
mencegah terjadinya efek lintas pertama (<i>first pass effect) </i>oleh hati.
Identifikasi enzim metabolisme pada mukosa nasal pada beberapa spesies hewan
menunjukkan hal yang mirip dengan manusia, dan begitu juga potensi metabolisme
beberapa obat secara intranasal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Untuk beberapa peptida dan senyawa
molekul kecil, ketersediaan hayati intranasal sebanding dengan sediaan injeksi.
Hanya saja ketersediaan hayati menurun bila berat molekul senyawa meningkat,
dan untuk protein yang terdiri dari lebih 72 asam amino, ketersediaan hayati
mungkin rendah. Bebepara teknik farmasetik dan formulasi dengan bahan pembantu,
seperti surfraktan, menunjukkan peningkatan absorpsi nasal dari molekul besar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Produk yang sudah dipasarkan atau dalam
tahap penelitian klinik untuk sistem penghantaran obat nasal meliputi lypressin
(diapid, Sandoz), Oxytocin (Syntocinon, Sandoz), dismopressin (DDAVP, Rhone –
Ponlenc Rorer), Vitamin B12 (Ener – B Gel), Progesteron, insulin, calcitonin
(Miacalcin, Novartis) Propanolol, dan butophanolol (Stadal, Mead-Johnson)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Prospek sediaan
nasal untuk dikembangkan menjadi sistem penghantaran sistemik sangat cerah dan
prospektif. Dalam manufaktur sediaan nasal ini perlu diperhatikan masalah
sterilisasi, teknik aseptik, dan sterilitas produk. Untuk meminimalkan
kemungkinan kontaminasi produk, pasien harus diingatkan bahwa sediaan nasal
hanya digunakan untuk satu orang pasien saja, dan dijauhkan dari jangkauan
anak-anak. Jika sediaan nasal akan digunakan untuk anak-anak, maka cara
penggunaannya harus jelas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Hidung adalah
organ kompleks dengan berbagai fungsi, dengan jaringan nasal merupakan
permukaan yang penuh dengan vaskular dan jaringan mukosa untuk absorpsi obat.
Untuk tujuan sistemik sering diperlukan peningkatan penetrasi yang bekerja
menurut berbagai mekanisme. Obat yang diberkan melalui penhantaran nasal untuk
tujuan sistemik meliputi obat analgesik (Butafanol, Enkefalin, Buprenofin),
obat vaskuler (Dobutamin, Angiotensin II Antagonis), hormon endokrin (hormon
pertumbuhan manusia h4H, Kalsitonin, Lutenizing Hormone Releasing Hormone LHRH,
Insulin), dan lain-lain.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">BAB
III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">III.1 Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Dalam pengobatan
penyakit hidung, digunakan beberapa jenis obat seperti Antibiotik, Sulfasetamide,
Vasokontriktor, Germisid dan Antiseptik yang terkandung dalam sedian – sediaan
nasal seperti larutan dekongestan nasal, obat tetes hidung, larutan inhalasi
serat inhalan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">III.2 Saran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Hidung merupaka salah
satu organ penting bagi tubuh manusia, oleh karena itu perawatan hidung harus
lebih diperhatikan. Apabila terjadi permasalahan pada hidung, perlu diketahui
pengobatan yang tepat untuk proses penyembuhan.</span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7529126109384346954.post-12807554099868648992013-01-22T13:11:00.000+08:002013-01-22T13:11:15.564+08:00Obat Tetes Telinga<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: inherit; line-height: 115%;">Makalah teknologi dan formulasi sediaan steril...</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: inherit; line-height: 115%;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: inherit; line-height: 115%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">1.1<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%;">LATAR BELAKANG<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: inherit; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Telinga merupakan salah satu indera yang sangat penting
untuk manusia. Telinga terbagi menjadi bagian luar, tengah dan dalam. Telinga
luar terdiri dari pinna atau aurikula, yaitu daun kartilogo yang menangkap
gelombang bunyi dan menyalurkannya ke kanal auditori eksternal (meatus), suatu
lintasan sempit yang panjangnya sekitar 2.5 cm merentang dari aurikula sampai
membran timpani. Membran timpani (gendang telinga) adalah pembatas telinga
tengah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: inherit; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Membran timpani berbentuk kerucut, permukaan eksternalnya
dilapisai kulit dan permuakaan internalnya dilapisi membran mukosa, membran ini
memisahkan telinga luar dan telinga tengah, memiliki tegangan, ukuran dan
ketebalan yang sesuai untuk menggetarkan gelombang bunyi secara mekanis.
Telinga tengah terletak di rongga berisi udara dalam bagian petrosus tulang
temporal. Turba eustachius (auditori) menghubungkan telinga tengah dengan
faring. Turba yang biasanya tertutup dapat terbuka saat menguap, menelan, atau
mengunyah. Saluran ini berfungsi untuk menyeimbangkan tekanan udara pada kedua
sisi membran timpani.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Sediaan otik, kadang kadang dinamakan</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">s</span><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">ebagai sediaan telinga atau sediaan aural. Sediaan telinga
biasanya ditempatkan pada kanal telinga untuk menghilangkan serumen (malam
kuping, tahi kuping) atau untuk pengobatan infeksi, inflamasi atau nyeri
telinga. Karena telinga terluar ditutup oleh strukutr kulit dan berperilaku
seperti kondisi dermatologi lain seperti halnya permukaan tubuh, kondisi kulit
diobati menggunakan beraneka ragam sediaan dermatologi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk larutan paling sering digunakan pada telinga,
suspensi dan salep masi juga didapati dalam penggunaannya. Preparat telinga
biasanya diteteskan atau dimasukkan dalam jumlah kecil kedalam saluran telinga
untuk melepaskan kotoran telinga (lilin telinga) atau untuk mengobati infeksi,
peradangan atau rasa sakit. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 150%;">1.2<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 150%;"> RUMUSAN MASALAH<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 150%;">Apa yang perlu
diperhatikan dalam pembuatan sediaan otik?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 150%;">Apa saja sediaan
untuk telinga?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 150%;">1.3<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 150%;">TUJUAN<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengetahui
pembuatan dan sediaan apa saja yang digunakan pada telinga.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 150%;">1.4<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 150%;">MANFAAT<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 150%;">-<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 150%;">Dapat mengetahui
pembuatan dan sediaan apa saja yang digunakan pada telinga.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: inherit; line-height: 115%;">Bab II<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: inherit; line-height: 115%;">ISI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: inherit; line-height: 115%;">2.1 Anatomi Telinga<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">Secara anatomis, telinga terbagi menjadi 3 bagian, bagian luar, tengah dan
dalam. Telinga luar terdiri dari <i>pinna</i> atau <i>aurikula</i>, yaitu daun
kartilago yang menangkap gelombang bunyi dan menjalurkannya ke kanal<i>
auditori eksternal </i>(<i>meatus</i>), suatu lintasan sempit yang panjangnya
sekitar 2,5 cm merentang dari aurikula sampai membran timpani. Membran timpani
(gendang telinga) adalah pembatas telinga tengah. Membran timpani berbentuk
kerucut, permukaan eksternalnya dilapisi kulit dan permukaan internalnya dilapisi
membran mukosa; membran ini memisahkan telinga luar dan telinga tengah,
memiliki tegangan, ukuran, dan ketebalan yang sesuai untuk menggetarkan
gelombang bunyi secara mekanis. Telinga tengah terletak di rongga berisi udara
dalam bagian petrosus tulang temporal. Tuba eustachius (auditori) menghubungkan
telinga tengah dengan faring. Tuba yang biasanya tertutup dapat terbuka saat
menguap, menelan, atau mengunyah. Saluran ini berfungsi untuk menyeimbangkan
tekanan udara pada kedua sisi membran timpani.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: inherit; line-height: 115%;">2.1 Patologi dan Bakteriologi Otitis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">Salah satu kondisi patofisiologi
pada telinga adalah infeksi telinga otitis akut (<i>swimmers ear</i>), yakni
suatu kondisi inflamasi dari kanal eksternal telinga, umumnya disebabkan oleh
trauma lokal (akibat cara membersihkan telinga dengan menggunakan alat runcing
dan tajam), tetapi bisa juga disebabkan oleh hal-hal lain.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">Manifestasi tahap preinflamasi dari
otitis eksternal, seperti kelainan kulit, disertai dengan perasaan gatal pada
kanal eksternal dan penumpukan unit <i>apopilo sebaseus</i>. Diduga hal ini
akibat kehilangan lipid pada kanal auditor eksternal sehingga terjadi
peningkatan kandungan air stratum korneum yang menyebabkan edema intraseluler.
Tahap inflamasi akut disebabkan oleh trauma yang menginduksi radang sehingga
bakteri mendapatkan akses menuju dermis.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">Otomikosis adalah hasil infeksi
jamur pada permukaan kanal eksternal telinga. Hal ini sering merupakan infeksi
ikutan bakteri atau akibat keberadaan serumen basah (<i>moist</i>). Otitis
media supuratif kronik adalah kondisi inflamasi dari telinga tengah. Selain
itu, mungkin pula terjadi pengerasan (<i>granulations</i>) jaringan, fibriosis
dan osteoneogenesis. Umumnya organisme penyebab otitis akut eksternal ini
adalah <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> dan <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. Penyebab
inflamasi kronik adalah <i>Proteus spesies</i>, <i>Aspergillus niger</i>, dan <i>Candida
albicans</i> adalah penyebab otomikosis. Selain itu mungkin juga terdapat <i>Mucormycosis</i>
dan <i>Actiomyces</i>, sedangkan penyebab otitis media supuriatif kronik adalah
<i>Paeruginosa</i> dan <i>S aureus.</i></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: inherit; line-height: 115%;">2.3 Sediaan Otis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: inherit; line-height: 115%;">2.3.1 Definisi Tetes Telinga<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">v<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">FI
III : Guttae Auriculares, tetes telinga adalah obat tetes yang digunakan untuk telinga
dengan cara meneteskan obat ke dalam telinga. Kecuali dinyatakan lain, tetes
telinga dibuat menggunakan cairan pembawa bukan air.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">v<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Ansel
: Tetes telinga adalah bentuk larutan,
suspensi atau salep yang digunakan pada telinga dengan cara diteteskan atau
dimasukkan dalam jumlah kecil ke dalam saluran telinga untuk melepaskan kotoran
telinga (lilin telinga) atau untuk mengobati infeksi, peradangan atau rasa
sakit.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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King : Tetes telinga adalah bahan obat yang dimasukkan ke dalam saluran
telinga, yang dimaksudkan untuk efek lokal, dimana bahan – bahan obat tersebut
dapat berupa anestetik lokal, peroksida, bahan – bahan antibakteri dan
fungisida, yang berbentuk larutan, digunakan untuk membersihkan, menghangatkan,
atau mengeringkan telinga bagian luar.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">Formulasi Steril : Obat Tetes
telinga adalah larutan zat aktif dalam air atau dalan pembawa lain yang
digunakan dengan meneteskan ke dalam lubang telinga.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">2.3.2 Sediaan Otis</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><u><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">Larutan untuk menghilangkan serumen</span></u></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">Serumen adalah kombinasi sekresi
keringat dari kelenjar sebaseous dan kanal eksternal auditori. Sekresi ini jika
mengering akan membentuk masa semisolida lengket dan dapat mengikat sel
epitelial, rambut rontok, debu dan benda asing lainnya yang masuk kedalam liang
telinga. Akumulasi serumen secara berlebihan dalam telinga dapat menyebabkan
rasa gatal, nyeri, dan mengganggu pendengaran; jika tidak dikeluarkan secara
periodik, maka serumen dapat mengeras dan menghilangkannya akan lebih sulit
serta menimbulkan rasa sakit. </span><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">Untuk melunakkan serumen yang sudah
memadat digunakan minyak mineral ringan, minyak nabati, dan hidrogen peroksida.
Saat ini digunakan larutan surfaktan sintetik. Salah satu dari agen ini adalah
kondensat trietanol amin polipeptida oleat, yang secara komersial diformulasi
dengan pembawa propilen glikol, digunakan untuk emulsifikasi serumen untuk
mempermudah pengeluarannya.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">Sediaan lainnya adalah karbamida
peroksida ( 6,5%) dalam campuran gliserin, propilen glikol, dan asam sitrat.
Pada saat berkontak dengan serumen, karbamida peroksida melepas oksigen yang
merusak integritas dari wax serumen yang memadat, sehingga mudah dihilangkan.. </span><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><u><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">Sediaan antiseptik</span></u></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">Agen antiseptik sering digunakan
untuk pengobatan penyakit kanal eksternal telinga. Beberapa antiseptik biasa
digunakan untuk profilaksis pembedahan telinga. Sediaan antiseptik otologi
dipasarkan hanya sebagai larutan asam asetat (cuka). Sediaan asam asetat
(biasanya larutan 2-5%) menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri dan antijamur. Sangat
bermanfaat untuk <i>P. Aeruginosa</i>, <i>Staphilooccus</i>, <i>B-hemolitic
streptococci</i>, <i>Candida spesies</i>, dan <i>Aspergillus</i>. Tidak ada
mikroorganisme yang resisten terhadap sediaan ini. Larutan asam asetat pada
telinga luar biasanya dapat ditoleransi dan nonsensitisasi, hanya instalasi ke
dalam jaringan telinga tengah dapat menimbulkan rasa nyeri. </span><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">Larutan asam asetat dapat
dikombinasi dengan alumunium asetat atau senyawa steroid karena bersifat
antiinflamasi dan antipruritik. Ada kecenderungan larutan asam asetat
menginduksi lapisan keratin yang akan meningkatkan jaringan mati dalam liang
selnya. Hal ini akan mempengaruhi infeksi dan memperlambat proses penyembuhan. </span><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">Antiseptik umum, seperti povidon
iodin, klorheksidin glukonat, dan heksakhlorofen dapat digunakan ototopikal
untuk profilaksis pembedahan. Paling umum digunakan adalah povidon jodium
karena spektrum aktivitasnya lebar terhadap mikroflora, mikrozoa, dan virus.
Selama profilaksis pembedahan, antiseptik harus dicegah jangan sampai memasuki
telinga tengah karena akan menghambat migrasi fibrolast selama proses penyembuhan.
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><u><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">Sediaan antijamur </span></u></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">Kebanyakan infeksi otomikotik adalah
konsekuensi dari pengobatan dengan antibiotika. Dengan cara pembersihan kanal
eksternal telinga dan menghentikan pengobatan (dengan antibiotika), biasanya
cukup untuk menghilangkan infeksi. </span><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">4.<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><u><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">Tetes antimikroba</span></u></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai satu kelompok, obat tetes
antimikroba otik paling banyak diminta dokter melalui resep. Kebanyakan sediaan
ini mengandung campuran antibiotika yang dikombinasikan dengan agen steroid. </span><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">Untuk aktivitas bakterisid dapat
ditambahkan asam asetat atau suatu alkohol. Beberapa dari sediaan ini
mengandung asam asetat sebagai agen antibakteri utama. Kebanyakan formulasi
untuk sediaan ini mempunyai pH rendah antara 3-5, sama dengan kanal esternal
telinga normal.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">5.<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><u><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">Sediaan Serbuk</span></u></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: inherit; line-height: 200%;">Sediaan serbuk sudah digunakan sejak
lama dalam pengoatan otologi. Pada awalnya digunakan dalam bentuk serbuk tabur
untuk pengobatan otitis kronis, terutamanya berguna untuk rongga mastoid.
Berbeda dengan sediaan otik lainnya, serbuk tidak bisa menyebabkan nyeri pada waktu
pemberian. Untuk instilasi (pemasukan) obat serbuk dapat digunakan suatu alat <i>'in
sulfator'</i> ke dalam kanal eksternal telinga atau rongga mastoid. Sediaan
antibiotika yang sesuai untuk alat insulfator antara lain,
kloramfenikol-sulfanilamid-fungizone,
kloramfenikol-sulfanilamida-fungizone-hidrokortison.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">6.<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><u><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">Sediaan Anestetika</span></u></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">Agen anestetika digunakan untuk
menghilangkan nyeri terkait dengan infeksi, seperti otitis eksternal, otitis
media, dan miringitis gelembung (<i>bullous</i>). Dapat pula digunakan secara
lokal sebelum operasi, pada umumnya selama miringotomi pada pasien dengan
membran timpanik tidak rusak atau utuh.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">Kebanyakan sediaan anestetik
mengandung benzokain karena benzokain diabsorbsi buruk melalui kulit sehingga
terlokalisasi untuk waktu lama, hanya saja efektivitasnya sulit diramalkan.
Benzokain diketahui pula menjadi penyebab reaksi hipersensitivitas. </span><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">7.<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><u><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">Sediaan lain</span></u></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">Propilenglikol adalah pembawa yang
baik untuk beracam obat tetes antibiotika, menunjukkan efek dehidrasi terhadap
jamur, dan meningkatkan efektivitas pengobatan antijamur lainnya. Kadang-kadang
menimbulkan kontak dermatitis pada saat penggunaan pada pasien. </span><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">Kortikosteroid kadang-kadang
ditambahkan pada bermacam obat tetes kombinasi ototopikal untuk mengurangi
inflamasi dan gatal-gatal berkaitan dengan infeksi telinga akut. Kortikosteroid
dapat pula digunakan untuk pengobatan pertama dermatosis pada kanal eksternal
telinga, terutama psoriasis dan dermatitis seboreika. </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: inherit; line-height: 200%;">Pembuatan sediaan otik ini didasarkan pada pembuatan sediaan steril
sehingga cara sterilisasi dan teknik aseptik yang digunakan sama dengan cara
sterilisasi dan teknik aseptik untuk preparasi obat steril, seperti injeksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">2.4 Cara Penggunaan Tetes Telinga</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: inherit; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">(Menyuruh orang lain untuk
membantumu menggunakan tetes telinga ini akan membuat prosedur menjadi lebih
mudah)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: inherit; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">1.Bersihkan telingamu dengan
kapas wajah yang basah kemudian keringkan telingamu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: inherit; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">2.Cuci tanganmu dengan sabun dan
air<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: inherit; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">3.Hangatkan tetes telinga
mendekati suhu tubuh dengan cara memegang wadahnya dalam tanganmu selama
beberapa menit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: inherit; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">4.Jika tetes telinga merupakan
suspensi yang berkabut, kocok botol dengan baik selama 10 detik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: inherit; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">5.Periksa ujung penetes untuk
meyakinkan bahwa tidak pecah atau retak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: inherit; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">6.Tarik obat ke dalam penetes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: inherit; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">7.Miringkan telinga yang
terinfeksi ke atas atau ke samping<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: inherit; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">8.Hindari menyentuh ujung penetes
pada telinga atau apapun, tetes telinga dan penetesnya harus tetap terjaga
bersih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: inherit; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">9.Teteskan sejumlah yang benar ke
telinga. Kemudian tarik penetesnya dari telinga agar tetesannya dapat turun ke
saluran telinga.l<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: inherit; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">10.Tahan agar telingamu tetap
miring selama beberapa menit atau masukkan kapas telinga yang lembut ke dalam
telingamu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: inherit; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">11.Letakkan kembali penetesnya
pada botol dan tutup kencang penutupnya. 12.Cuci tanganmu untuk menghilangkan
bahan-bahan obat yang mungkin ada.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: inherit; line-height: 200%;">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: inherit; line-height: 200%;">Penutup<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;">3.1 Kesimpulan</span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Tetes
telinga adalah bentuk larutan, suspensi atau salep yang digunakan pada telinga
dengan cara diteteskan atau dimasukkan dalam jumlah kecil ke dalam saluran
telinga untuk melepaskan kotoran telinga (lilin telinga) atau untuk mengobati
infeksi, peradangan atau rasa sakit.</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: inherit; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Penggunaan obat tetes telinga untuk antibiotic (cloramphenikol)
melunakkan malam, membersihkan telinga setelah pengbatan,
mengeringkan permukaan dalam telinga yang berair, antiseptic serta anestesi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: inherit; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Dalam pembuatannya kita perlu perhatikan : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">1.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #1d1b11; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Pembawa air ataugliserol<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">2.<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #1d1b11; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Viskositas.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: inherit; line-height: 200%;">3.2 Saran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 0in;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: inherit; line-height: 200%;"><b> </b>Sebaiknya dalam penggunaan obat tetes telinga harus diperhatikan cara penggunaannya, supaya tidak menimbulkan efek samping yang berlebihan.</span></blockquote>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7529126109384346954.post-15901584039243557332013-01-22T02:22:00.001+08:002013-01-22T02:22:18.934+08:00Obat Tetes Mata<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Makalah teknologi dan formulasi sediaan steril..........<br />
<a name='more'></a><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mata merupakan
organ yang peka dan penting dalam kehidupan, terletak dalam lingkaran bertulang
berfungsi untuk member perlindungan maksimal dan sebagai pertahanan yang baik
dan kokoh. Penyakit mata dapat dibagi menjadi 4 yaitu, infeksi mata, iritasi
mata, mata memar dan glaucoma. Mata mempunyai pertahanan terhadap infeksi
karena secret mata mengandung enzim lisozim yang menyebabkan lisis pada bakteri
dan dapat membantu mengeleminasi organism dari mata. Obat mata dikenal terdiri
atas beberapa bentuk sediaan dan mempunyai mekanisme kerja tertentu. Obat mata
dibuat khusus. Salah satu sediaan mata adalah obat tetes mata. Obat tetes mata
ini merupakan obat yang berupa larutan atau suspensi steril yang digunakan
secara local pada mata. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;">Karena mata
merupakan organ yang paling peka dari manusia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> maka pembuatan
larutan obat mata membutuhkan perhatian khusus dalam hal toksisitas bahan obat,
nilai isotonisitas, kebutuhan akan dapar, kebutuhan akan pengawet, sterilisasi
dan kemasan yang tepat. Hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan syarat tersebut akan
dibahas lebih lanjut dalam makalah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tujuan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="textexposedshow"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penulisan
makalah ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui lebih lanjut mengenai sediaan tetes mata
dan persyaratan-persyaratan untuk obat tetes mata serta untuk memenuhi tugas
mata kuliah Teknologi dan Formulasi Sediaan Steril.</span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.3<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Manfaat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="textexposedshow"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam pembahasan
makalah ini dapat memberikan manfaat dalam memahami lebih lanjut mengenai obat
tetes mata baik itu larutan maupun suspense.</span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span class="textexposedshow"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">I
S I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">GUTTAE
OPTHALICAE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(OBAT
TETES MATA)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat tetes mata adalah sediaan steril berupa larutan atau suspense,
digunakan untuk mata dengan cara meneteskan obat pada selaput lendir mata
disekitar kelopak mata dan bola mata. Sediaan ini diteteskan kedalam mata
sebagai antibacterial, anastetik, midriatik, miotik, dan antiinflamasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk membuat sediaan
yang tersatukan, maka kita perlu memperhatikan beberapa faktor persyaratan
berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Harus
steril atau bebas dari mikroorganisme<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemakaian tetes mata yang
terkontaminasi mikroorganisme dapat terjadi<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>rangsangan
berat yang dapat menyebabkan hilangnya daya penglihatan atau terlukanya mata
sehingga sebaiknya dilakukan sterilisasi atau menyaring larutan dengan filter
pembebas bakteri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedapat
mungkin harus jernih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;">Persyaratan
ini dimaksudkan untuk menghindari rangsangan akibat bahan padat. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Filtrasi
dengan kertas saring atau kain wol tidak dapat menghasilkan larutan bebas
partikel melayang. Oleh karena itu, sebagai material penyaring kita menggunakan
leburan gelas, </span><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;">misalnya
Jenaer Fritten dengan ukuran pori G 3 – G 5.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Harus
mempunyai aktivitas terapi yang optimal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Harga
pH mata sama dengan darah, yaitu 7,4. Pada pemakaian tetesan biasa, larutan
yang nyaris tanpa rasa nyeri adalah larutan dengan pH 7,3-9,7. Namun, daerah pH
5.5-11.,4, masih dapat diterima. Pengaturan pH sangat berguna untuk mencapai
rasa bebas nyeri, meskipun kita sangat sulit merealisasikannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendaparan
merupakan salah satu cara untuk mempertahankan pH larutan tetes mata. Penambahan
dapar dalam pembuatan obat mata harus didasarkan pada beberapa pertimbangan
tertentu. Air mata normal memiliki pH lebih kurang 7,4 dan mempunyai kapasitas
dapar tertentu. Secara ideal obat tetes mata harus mempunyai pH yang sama
dengan larutan mata, tetapi hal ini tidak selalu dapat dilakukan karena pada pH
7,4 banyak obat yang tidak cukup larut ataupun tidak stabil pada pH 7,4. Oleh
karena itu system dapar harus dipilih sedekat mungkin dengan pH fisiologis
yaitu 7,4 dan tidak menyebabkan pengendapan atau mempercepat kerusakan obat. Jika
harga pH yang di tetapkan atas dasar stabilitas berada diluar daerah yang dapat
di terima secara fisiologis, maka kita wajib menambahkan larutan dapar dan
melakukan pengaturan pH melalui penambahan asam atau basa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembuatan
obat mata dengan system dapar mendekati ph fisiologis dapat dilakukan dengan
mencampurkan secara aseptik larutan obat steril dengan larutan dapar steril.
Walaupun demikian, perlu diperhatikan mengenai kemungkinan berkurangnya
kestabilan obat pada pH yang lebih tinggi, pencapaian dan pemeliharaan
sterilitas selama proses pembuatan. Berbagai obat, bila didapar pada pH yang
dapat digunakan secara terapeutik, tidak akan stabil dalam larutan untuk jangka
waktu yang lama sehingga sediaan ini dibuat dalam bentuk sediaan akan direkonstitusikan
segera sebelum digunakan. Tujuan pendaparan obat tetes mata adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengurangi
rasa sakit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjaga
stabilitas obat dala larutan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Control aktivitas terapetik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Harus tidak mengiritasi dan tidak
menimbulkan rasa sakit pada mata, maka dikehendaki sedapat mungkin harus
isotonis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena kandungan elektrolit dan
koloid di dalamnya, cairan air mata memiliki tekanan osmotik, yang nilainya
sama dengan darah dan cairan jaringan. Besarnya adalah 0,65-0,8 M Pa (6,5-8
atmosfir), penurunan titik bekunya terhadap air 0,52<sup>0</sup>K atau
konsentrasinya sesuai dengan larutan natrium klorida 0,9% dalam air. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cairan
mata isotonis dengan darah dan mempunyai nilai isotonis sesuai dengan larutan
NaCl P 0,9%. </span><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;">Sediaan tetes
mata sebaiknya dibuat mendekati isotonis agar dapat diterima tanpa rasa nyeri
dan tidak dapat menyebabkan keluarnya air mata, yang dapat mencuci keluar bahan
obatnya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan hipertonis relatif lebih dapat diterima dari
pada hipotonis. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;">Beberapa larutan obat mata perlu hipertonik untuk
meningkatkan daya serap dan enyediakan kadar vahan aktif yang cukup tinggi
untuk menghasilkan efek obat yang cepat dan efektif. Apabila larutan obat
seperti ini digunakan dalam jumlah kecil, pengenceran dengan air mata cepat
terjadi sehingga rasa perih akibat hipertonisnya hanya sementara. Tetapi
penyesuaian isotonisitas oleh pengenceran dengan air mata tidak berarti, jika
digunakan larutan hipertonik dalam jumlah besar untuk membasahi mata. Jadi yang
penting adalah larutan obat mata sebisa mungkin harus endekati isotonik. Untuk
membuat larutan mendekati isotonis, dapat digunakan medium isotonis atau
sedikit hipotonis, umumnya digunakan natrium-klorida (0,7-0,9%) atau asam borat
(1,5-1,9%) steril.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Zat
pengawet dala larutan tetes mata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Syarat zat
pengawet bagi larutan obat tetes mata:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Harus
bersifat bakteriostatik dan fungistatik. Terutaa sifat bakteriostatik terhadap
pseudomonas aeruginosa, karena sangat berbahaya pada mata yang terinfeksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Harus
tidak mengiritasi jaringan mata, kornea,
dan konjungtiva<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Harus
kompatibel dengan bahan obat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak
menimbulkan alergi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat mempertahankan aktivitasnya dalam
kondisi normal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tipe zat pengawet yang dianjurkan
untuk larutan obat tetes mata ada 4 macam :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Esters
dari p-hidroksi as.benzoat, terutama nipagin dan nipasol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Senyawa
merkuri organic, seperti fenil merkuri nitrat, timerosol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Zat
pembasah kationik seperti, benzalkonium khlorid dan setil peridinium klorid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Derivate alcohol seperti, klorbutanol,
fenil etil alcohol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Viskositas
dalam larutan mata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tetes mata dalam air mempunyai
kekurangan karena dapat ditekan keluar dari saluran konjungtiva oleh gerakan
pelupuk mata. Namun, melalui peningkatan viskositas tetes mata dapat mencapai
distribusi bahan aktif yang lebih baik didalam cairan dan waktu kontak yag
lebih panjang. Viskositas diperlukan agar larutan obat tidak cepat dihilangkan
oleh air mata serta dapat memperpanjang lama kontak dengan kornea, dengan demikian
dapat mencapai hasil terapi yang besar. Biasanya yang digunakan untuk enaikkan
viskositas ialah CMC dengan kadar 0,25-1%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Viskositas sebaiknya tidak
melampaui 49-50 mPa detik (40-50 cP) sebab jika tidak, maka akan terjadi
penyumbatan saluran air mata. Kita memakai larutan dengan harga viskositas 5-15
mPa detik (5-15 cP).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Surfaktan
dalam pengobatan mata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Surfaktan sering digunakan dala
larutan mata karena mempunyai fungsi sebagai zat pembasah atau zat penambah
penetrasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Efek surfaktan
adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menaikkan
kelarutan, hingga menaikkan kadar dari obat kontak dengan mata.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menaikkan
penetrasi ke dalam kornea dan jaringan lain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memperlama tetapnya obat dalam
konjungtiva, pada pengenceran obat oleh air mata.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Surfaktan
yang sering digunakan adalah benzalkonium-klorid 1 : 50.000 jangan lebih dari 1
: 3000. Surfaktan lain juga yang dipakai adalah benzalkonium klorid, duponal
M.E dan aerosol OT atau OS. Pemakaian surfaktan jangan lebih dari 0,1%. Lebih
encer lebih baik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pewadahan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wadah untuk
larutan mata, larutan mata sebaiknya dibuat dalam unit kecil, tidak pernah
lebih besar dari 15 ml dan lebih disukai yang lebih kecil. A botol 7,5 ml
adalah ukuran yang menyenangkan untuk penggunaan larutan mata. Penggunaan wadah
kecil memperpendek waktu pengobatan akan dijaga oleh pasien dan meminimalkan
jumlah pemaparan kontaminan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suspensi obat mata<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembuatan suspensi dapat dilakukan
jika obat tidak larut dalam peyangga yang cocok. Misalnya kortikosteroid.
Syarat utama suspensi air atau minyak adalah ukuran partikel yang sangat
dibatasi. Pada dasarnya, suspensi menggunakan serbuk yang telah dimikronisasi
untuk menghindari terjadinya rangsangan pada mata. Ukuran partikel pada mata
<30 nm. Untuk menstabilkan suspensi, kita tambahkan viskositas. Suspense
obat ata tidak boleh digunakan bila terjadi massa yang mengeras atau
penggumpalan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggolongan
obat mata berdasarkan farmakologi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat
mata sebagai anti-infektif dan antiseptik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contohnya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Albucetine eye drop 5 ml, 10 ml, 15
ml, dan oint 3,5 g<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat
mata mengandung corticosteroid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contohnya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Celestone eye drop 5 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat
mata sebagai antiseptik dengam corticosteroid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contohnya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cendo Xitrol 5 ml dan 10 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat
mata mempunyai efek midriatik <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contohnya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cendo Tropine 5 ml, 10 ml dan 15 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat
mata mempunyai efek miotik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contohnya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cendo Carpine 5 ml, 10 ml dan 15 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat
mata mempunyai efek glaukoma<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contohnya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Isotic Adretor 5 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat
mata mempunyai efek lain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contohnya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.35pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Catarlent
eye drop 15 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keuntungan obat tetes mata :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan mata memiliki kelebihan dalam hal homogeny,
bioavailabilitas, dan kemudahan penanganan.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Suspense mata memiliki kelebihan dimana adanya partikel zat aktif
dapat memperpanjang waktu tinggal pada mata sehingga meningkatkan waktu
terdisolusinya oleh air mata, sehingga terjadi peningkatan bioavailabilitas dan
efek terapinya.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak menganggu penglihatan ketika digunakan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerugian obat tetes mata :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerugian yang
prinsipil dari larutan mata adalah waktu kontak yang relatif singkat antara
obat dan permukaan yang terabsorsi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.1<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari pembahasan diatas dapat dilihat
bahwa obat tetes mata harus lah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">steril<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bebas dari partikel tersuspensi kecuali
bentuk suspense<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sedapat ungkin isotonis dan isohidris<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dibufer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
wadah kecil, praktis dan steril<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengandung
zat bakteriostatik untuk menjaga sterilitas dan stabilitas <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Formulasi suspense obat mata dapat
dibuat jika diperlukan untuk membuat produk yang bertujuan mengingkatkan waktu
kontak kornea, atau diperlukan untuk obat tidak larut atau tidak stabil dalam
pembawa air.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.2<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Saran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebelum memberikan larutan atau
suspense oftalmik sebaiknya pengguna mencuci tangan sampai bersih. Selama
penanganan dan pemberian obat ata, harus berhati-hati agar penetes tidak
berkontak dengan mata, kelopak mata, atau permukaan lain.</span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7529126109384346954.post-56426384744452490642013-01-22T01:11:00.001+08:002013-01-22T01:11:32.185+08:00Pelarut & Pembawa untuk Injeksi<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Makalah teknologi dan formulasi sediaan steril.<br />
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar
Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Formulasi
sediaan steril merupakan salah satu bentuk sediaan farmasi yang banyak dipakai,
terutama saat pasien dirawat di rumah sakit. Sediaan steril sangat membantu
pada saat pasien dioperasi, diinfus, disuntik, mempunyai luka terbuka yang
harus diobati dan sebagainya. Semuanya sangat membutuhkan kondisi steril karena
pengobatan yang langsung bersentuhan dengan sel tubuh, lapisan mukosa organ
tubuh, dan dimasukkan langsung ke dalam cairan atau rongga tubuh sangat
memungkinkan terjadinya infeksi bila obatnya tidak steril. Oleh karena itu kita
memerlukan sediaan obat yang steril. Untuk itu diperlukan pengetahuan tentang
mikrobiologi, cara sterilisasi, cara identifikasi mikroba, uji sterilitas,
pemahaman peralatan sterilisasi, peralatan produksi steril aseptic dan
lain-lain yang terkait dengan produksi sediaan steril. Bentuk sediaan steril
bias dalam berbagai bentuk, yaitu cair, padat atau semipadat. Proses
pembuatannya sama dengan sediaan nonsteril, namun dalam pembuatan sediaan
steril kita perlu mengetahui proses sterilisasinya yang akan berkaitan dengan
stabilitas bahan aktif maupun bahan-bahan tambahannya. Dengan demikian, dalam
pembuatan sediaan steril bekal pengetahuan tidak sekadar pengetahuan formulasi
bentuk sediaan, tetapi juga pemahaman fisika dan kimia yang lebih mendalam
berkaitan dengan stabilitas selama proses pembuatan, sehingga menghasilkan
sediaan steril yang dikehendaki dan sesuai dengan ketentuan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Namun,
untuk menghasilkan sediaan steril, diperlukan pengetahuan yang luas tentang
sediaan steril, bukan hanya tentang pembuatan bentuk sediaan steril, bahan-
bahan yang dibutuhkan, tetapi juga tentang ruangan yang dapat digunakan untuk
pembuatan sediaan steril itu, sehingga ada jaminan bahwa selam proses produksi
dan setelah produksi, sediaan yang dihasilkan bebas dari mikroba. Ruangan
produksi steril adalah ruang yang disiapkan khusus dari bahan-bahan dan tata
bentuk yang harus sesuai dengan Cara Pembuatan Obat yang Baik (CPOB), </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bangunan
dan fasilitas untuk pembuatan obat hendaklah memiliki desain, konstruksi, letak
yang memadai dan kondisi yang sesuai serta perawatan yang dilakukan dengan baik
untuk memudahkan pelaksanaan operasi yang benar. Tata letak dan desain ruangan
harus dibuat sedemikian rupa untuk memperkecil terjadinya resiko kekeliruan, pencemaran
silang dan kesalahan lain serta memudahkan pembersihan, sanitasi dan perawatan
yang efektif untuk menghindari pencemaran silang, penumpukan debu atau kotoran
dan dampak lain yang dapat menurunkan mutu obat. <span class="apple-style-span"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Makalah
ini dibuat untuk memenuhi tujuan agar:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat mengetahui
penggolongan pembawa untuk injeksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat mengetahui
syarat-syarat pembawa dan pelarut untuk injeksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan Masalah <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembawa
dan pelarut apa saja yang dapat digunakan untuk sediaan injeksi?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
penggolongan pembawa dan pelarut untuk injeksi sesuai dengan fungsi dan
konsistensinya?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat
<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembuatan makalah ini dimaksudkan agar
dapat memberikan informasi tentang pembawa dan pelarut untuk injeksi serta
bagaimana klasifikasi dari pembawa/pelarut tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">ISI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelarut
dan Pembawa Air untuk Obat Suntik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Water For Injection</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Air
Untuk Injeksi)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut FI ed III, air
untuk injeksi : air suling segar yangdisuling kembali. digunakan untuk pelarut
dalampembuatan obat suntik ,yang akan disterilkan sesudahdibuat. Air untuk obat
suntik hanya dapat digunakandalam waktu 24 jam sesudah penampungan
disimpandalam wadah dari gelas steril dan bebas pirogen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelarut ini sering
digunakan dalam obat suntik secara besar-besaran. Air ini dimurnikan dengan
cara penyulingan atau osmosis terbalik (<i>reverse
osmosis</i>) dan memenuhi standar yang sama dengan <i>Purified Water, USP </i>dalam hal jumlah zat padat yang ada yaitu tidak
lebih dari 1 mg per 100 ml WFI, USP dan tidak boleh mengandung zat penambah.
Walaupun air untuk obat suntik tidak disyaratkan steril tetapi harus bebas
pirogen. Air tersebut dimaksudkan untuk pembuatan produk yang disuntikan yang
akan disterilkan sudah dibuat. Air untuk obat suntik harus disimpan dalam wadah
yang tertutup rapat pada temperatur di bawah atau di atas kisaran temperatur
dimana mikroba dapat tumbuh. Air untuk obat suntik dimaksudkan untuk digunakan
dalam waktu 24 jam sesudah penampungan. Tentunya harus ditampung dalam wadah
yang bebas pirogen dan steril. Wadah umumnya dari gelas atau dilapis gelas. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persyaratan
WFI menurut standar BP (2001) dan EP (2002) tidak boleh mengandung:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Total karbonorganik tidak boleh lebih dari 0,5
mg per liter. Kemudian bila 25 ml air untuk injeksi ditambahkan
kalsiumhidroksida LP, maka selama 5 menit harus tetap jernih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klorin
tidak boleh lebih dari 0,5 ppm. Kemudian, bila 500 ml air untuk injeksi
ditambahkan 1 ml praknitrat LP, maka setelah didiamkan 5 menit harus tetap
tidak berwarna dan jernih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Amonia
tidak boleh lebih dari 0,01 ppm. Kemudian bila 50 ml air untuk injeksi yang
ditambahkan 2 ml kalium raksa (II) iodida LP dalam suasana alkalis dan dilihat
dalam tabung Nessler, maka tidak memperlihatkan pewarnaan yang lebih kuat
daripada pewarnaan yang diberikan 50 ml air yang bebas amoniakP setelah
penambahan 2 ml pereaksi Nessler LP dan diperiksa pada keadaan sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nitrat
boleh lebih dari 0,2 ppm. Kemudian, 5 ml air untuk injeksi tidak boleh
memberikan warna biru pada batas permukaan setelah dituangkan dengan hati-hati
kedalam 5 ml difenilalamina LP.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Logam
berat (Cu, Fe, Pb) tidak boleh lebih dari 0,1 ppm. Kemudian, bila 100 ml air
untuk injeksi ditambahkan 1 tetes larutan natrium sulfida LP, maka harus tetap
jernih dan tidak berwarna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Oksidator
tidak boleh lebih dari 5 ppm. Kemudian, bila 100 ml air untuk injeksi
dididihkan selama 3 menit serta ditambahkan 10 ml asam sulfat encer P dan 0,5
ml kalium permanganat 0,01 N, maka tidak menghilangkan sama sekali warna
larutan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bebas
pirogen. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ph
5,0-7,0. Pemeriksaannya dengan 10 ml air untuk injeksi dengan ditambahkan 2
tetes larutan merah metil LP tidak boleh memberikan warna merah. Kemudian, 10
ml air untuk injeksi dengan ditambahkan 5 tetes larutan biru bromtimol LP tidak
boleh memberikan warna biru<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyimpanan
air untuk injeksi (WFI) harus disimpan dalam wadah yang tertutup rapat pada
temperatur di bawah atau di atas kisaran temperatur ideal mikroba dapat tumbuh.
Air untuk obat suntik bertujuan digunakan dalam waktu 24 jam sesudah
penampungan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
pembuatan WFI menurut USP melalui empat tahapan seperti pada <span style="color: #c00000;">gambar</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adapun cara
pembuatan WFI diperlihatkan sebagaimana gambar berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sterile water for
injection</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Air untuk injeksi yang
disterilkan dan dikemas dengan cara yang sesuai, tidak mengandung bahan
antimikroba atau bahan tambahan lainnya.<i>Sterile
Water For Injecton, USP </i>adalah air untuk obat suntik yang telah disterilkan
dan dikemas dalam wadah-wadah dosis tunggal yang tidak lebih besar dari ukuran 1
liter. Seperti air untuk obat suntik, harus bebas pirogen dan tidak boleh
mengandung zat antimikroba atau zat tambahan lain. Air ini boleh mengandung
sedikit lebih banyak zat padat total daripada air untuk obat suntik karena
terjadinya pengikisan zat padat dari lapisan gelas tangki selama proses
sterilisasi. Air ini dimaksudkan untuk digunakan sebagai pelarut, pembawa,
pengencer obat suntik yang telah disteril dan dikemas. Dalam penggunaannya, air
ditambahkan secara aseptis ke dalam vial obat untuk membentuk obat suntik yang
diinginkan. Sebagai contoh, obat suntik yang sesuai dapat dibuat dari bubuk
kering <i>Sterile Ampicillin Sodium, USP </i>dengan
menambahkan air steril untuk obat suntik secara aseptis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Syarat <i>sterile water for injectione </i>adalah
cairan jernih; steril; bebas pirogen; tak berbau; tidak berwarna; tidak berasa;
serta tidak mengandung logam-logam berat seperti Cu, Fe, Pb, zat-zat pereduksi,
dan lain-lain, pH 5,0-7,0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Operation
manual for Implementation of GMP, proses pembuatan sterile water for Injection
melalui tiga proses sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
pertama adalah persiapan (pretreatment) untuk mendapatkan<i> Water For Injection</i> dimulai dari sumber air (sumur atau mata air)
yang ditampung dan diendapkan, kemudian diberi penyaring pasir dan diberi
klorin, sehingga air dapat diminum (<i>drinking
water</i>). Air minum disaring kembali dengan filter 5-10 µm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
kedua adalah proses <i>final treatment </i>biasanya
dilakukan reverse osmosis dengan menggunakan <i>chemical softening </i>(kation anion), atau menggunakan Twin Bed Column
lalu disaring dengan menggunakan filter 5-10 µm kemudian disaring lagi
menggunakan filter yang lebih kecil dengan ukuran filter 2 µm bila perlu
menggunakan <i>ozonisator </i>atau
ultraviolet atau pemanasan dengan temperatur di atas 70<sup>o</sup> C kemudian
dimasukkan dalam tangki penampung dengan temperatur 70<sup>o</sup> C kemudian
di EDI (<i>Electro Deionization</i>) Atau
didestilasi dimasukkan ke dalam tangki penampung lalu disaring dengan filter
bakteri 0,02 µm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
ketiga adalah proses sterilisasi WFI dengan menggunakan autoklaf, sehingga
mendapatkan WFI steril.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bacteriostatic Water
For Injection</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bacteriostatic
Water For Injection, USP </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">adalah air steril untuk
obat suntik yang mengandung satu atau lebih zat antimikroba yang sesuai.
Dikemas dalam alat suntik yang belum diisi atau dalam vial-vial yang berisi air
tidak lebih dari 30 ml. Pada etiket harus tertera nama dan perbandingan zat antimikroba
yang dikandung. Air tersebut digunakan sebagai pembawa steril dalam
sediaan-sediaan obat suntik dengan volume kecil. Karena adanya zat antimikroba,
air harus dan hanya digunakan secara parenteral pada penggunaan dalam jumlah
kecil. Penggunaan secara parenteral dalam jumlah besar dibatasi karena jumlah
zat antimikroba yang disuntikkan secara bersama dengan obat akan berlebihan dan
mungkin beracun. Biasanya bila volume pelarut yang dibutuhkan lebih dari 5 ml
maka air steril untuk obat suntiklah yang dianjurkan dipakai bukan <i>Bacteriostatic Water For Injection. </i>Pada
penggunaan <i>Bacteriostatic Water For
Injection </i>juga harus diperhatikan adanya ketidakcampuran secara kimia dari
zat bakteriostatik dengan obat yang akan dilarutkan atau disuspensikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sodium Chloride
Injection </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan steril dan
isotonik natrium klorida dalam air untuk obat suntik. Larutan tidak mengandung
zat antimikroba. Kandungan ion Na dan Cl dalam obat suntik kurang lebih 154 mEq
per liter. Larutan dapat digunakan sebagai pembawa steril dalam pembuatan
larutan atau suspensi obat untuk pemberian secara parenteral.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bacteriostatic Sodium
Chloride Injection</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan
steril dan isotonik natrium klorida dalam air untuk obat suntik. Larutan
mengandung satu atau lebih zat antimikroba yang sesuai dan harus tertera dalam
etiket. Kadar sodium chloride sebesar 0,9% untuk membuat larutan isotonis.
Larutan harus dikemas dalam wadah tidak lebih besar dari 30 ml. Bila larutan
digunakan sebagai pembawa ketelitin, maka kita harus melakukan pengemasan untuk
menjamin ketercampuran obat dengan pengawet yang ada dan dengan natrium
klorida.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelarut
dan Pembawa Bukan Air<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Walaupun pembawa air
merupakan pembawa umum yang dipilih sebagai pembawa obat suntik, tetapi
penggunaannya dalam formulasi mungkin dihindari karena kelarutan senyawa obat
dalam air terbatasa atau senyawa obat mudah terhidrolisis. Bila faktor-faktor
fisika dan kimia membatasi penggunaan pembawa air secara keseluruhan, pembuat
formulasi harus beralih pada suatu pembawa bukan air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembawa yang dipilih
harus tidak mengiritasi, tidak toksiss, dalam jumlah yang diberikan dan tidak
merangsang. Seperti air, ia juga tidak boleh menimbulkan efek farmakologis dan
tidak boleh mempengaruhi aktivitas obat. Disamping itu, sifat-sifat fisika dan
kimia pembawa atau pelarut harus dipertimbangkan, dievaluasi dan ditentukan
sehingga sesuai dengan kebutuhan yang diperlukan sebelum dipergunakan. Di
antara banyak pertimbangan antara lain adalah stabilitas fisik idan kimia
pelarut pada berbagai tingkatan pH, kekentalannya, yang harus sedemikian mudah
untuk diperlakukan sebagai suntikan, kemudahan mengalirnya yang harus
dipertahankan pada kisaran temperatur yang cukup lebar, titik didihnya yang
cukup tinggi untuk memungkinkan sterilisasi dengan panas, kemudahannya bercampur
dengan cairan tubuh, tekanan uap yang rendah untuk mencegah timbulnya masalah
selama sterilisasi dengan pemanasan dan
kemurniannya yang stabil atau mudah dimurnikan dan distandarisasi. Tidak ada
satu pun pelarut tunggal yang bebas dari pembatasan-pembatasan dan karena itu
pertimbangan silang dan penilaian kelebihan dan kekurangan tiap pelarut
membantu pembuat formula menentukan pelarut yang paling tepat untuk digunakan
pada suatu sediaan. Di antara pelarut bukan air yang sekarang digunakan sebagai
produk parenteral adalah minyak-minyak lemak nabati, gliserin, polietilen
glikol, propilen glikol, alkohol dan yang digunakan lebih jarang adalah etil
oleat, isopropil miristat dan dimetilasetamid. Semua ini dan pembawa bukan air
lainnya dapat digunakan asalkan aman dan tidak mempengaruhi efek terapi sediaan
atau bereaksi pada penentuan kadar dan pemeriksaan-pemeriksaan lainnya dalam
jumlah yang diberikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batasan-batasan
ditetapkan oleh USP untuk minyak lemak nabati yang dapat digunakan pada produk
parenteral. Antara lain harus tetap jernih bila didinginkan sampai 10<sup>o</sup>
C untuk menjamin kestabilan dan kejernihan produk obat suntik selama
penyimpanan di lemari pendingin. Minyak harus tidak boleh mengandung minyak
mineral atau parafin karena zat-zat tersebut tidak diabsorbsi di jaringan
tubuh. Kemudahan mengalir minyak nabati umumnya tergantung pada perbandingan
asam-asam lemak tidak jenuh seperti asam oleat, dengan asam-asam lemak jenuh
seperti asam stearat. Minyak untuk dapat digunakan sebagai obat suntik harus
memenuhi persyaratan-persyaratan resmi yang ditetapkan untuk bilangan iodium
dan bilangan penyabunan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Walau toksisitas minyak
nabati dianggap relatif rendah tetapi beberapa penderita menunjukkan reaksi
alergi terhadap minyak-minyak tertentu. Karena itu bila minyak nabati
dipergunakan pada produk parenteral, pada tabel harus jelas ditulis minyak yang
digunakan. Yang paling umum digunakan adalah minyak jagung, minyak biji kapas,
minyak kacang tanah dan minyak wijen. Kadang-kadang digunakan minyak jarak dan
minyak zaitun.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan menggunakan
pelarut atau pembawa yang dipilih, ahli farmasi dapat membuat sediaan
parenteral dalam bentuk larutan, atau suspensi senyawa obat dalam pembawa air
atau bukan air. Hal yang terpenting adalah, obat suntik berminyak diberikan
lewat rute intramuskuler. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Minyak: Olea
neutralisata ad injectionem</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap
Farmakope mencantumkan jenis minyak tumbuhan (nabati) yang berbeda-beda. Minyak
kacang (Oleum Arachidis), minyak zaitun (Oleum Olivarium), minyak mendel,
minyak bunga matahari, minyak kedelai, minyak biji kapuk dan minyak wijen
(Oleum sesami) adalah beberapa jenis minyak yang sering digunakan sebagai
pembawa injeksi. Minyak harus netral secara fisiologis dan dapat diterima tubuh
dengan baik. Persyaratan untuk ini adalah tingkat kemurnian yang tinggi dan
menunjukan bilangan asam dan bilangan peroksida yang rendah. Sebelum
memakainya, kita netralkan minyak-minyak dari asam lemak bebas melalui
pengocokan dengan etanol supaya tidak merangsang. Pemakaiannya secara
intravenatidak dimungkinkan karena tidak tercampurkannya dengan serum darah dan
dapat menyebabkan terjadinya emboli paru-paru. Oleh karena itu, penggunaannya
hanya ditujukan untuk preparat injeksi intramuskular dan subkutan. Larutan atau
suspensi minyak mempunyai waktu kerja lama (depo), sering sampai 1 bulan
penyerapan obat dan membebaskan bahan aktifnya secara lambat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Minyak
hewan, yaitu minyak kaki sapi, diperoleh dari perdagangan hasil pemurnian
lapisan lemak kuku sapi atau tulang kaki bawah. Fraksi yang diperoleh melalui
pengepresan dingin digunakan sebagai bahan pelarut obat injeksi yang dapat
diterima tubuh tanpa rangsangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Minyak
setelah disterilkan disebut Olea netralisata ad injectionem<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" name="_GoBack"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bukan
Minyak, yaitu:Alkohol, Propyleneglycol, Glycerine, Paraffin Liq dan Ethyl
oleat.Alkohol, Propyleneglycol, Glycerine dan lain-lain dicampur air dapat
dipakai sebagai pelarut obat suntik, disamping melarutkan ternyata mempertinggi
stabilitas obat dan larutannya pula.</span></a></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7529126109384346954.post-21972288520293734132013-01-22T01:01:00.001+08:002013-01-22T01:01:20.600+08:00Sediaan Infus<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Makalah teknologi dan formulasi sediaan steril........<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Sediaan
steril adalah sediaan terapetis dalam bentuk terbagi – bagi yang bebas dari
mikroorganisme hidup. Sterilisasi adalah proses yang dirancang untuk
menciptakan keadaan steril. Secara tradisional keaadan steril adalah kondisi
mutlak yang tercipta sebagai akibat penghancuran dan penghilangan semua
mikroorganisme hidup. Konsep ini menyatakan bahwa steril adalah istilah yang
mempunyai konotasi relative, dan kemungkinan menciptakan kondisi mutlak bebas
dari mikroorganisme hanya dapat diduga atas dapat proyeksi kinetis angka
kematian mikroba.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Salah
satu sediaan yang termasuk sediaan steril adalah sediaan infus. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Infus
adalah larutan dalam jumlah besar terhitung mulai dari 10 ml yang diberikan
melalui intravena tetes demi tetes dengan bantuan peralatan yang cocok.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Syarat-syarat
sediaan steril antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. steril <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. isotonis <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.Isohidris<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. bebas pirogen <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. bebas partikel asing <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. kejernihan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7. Stabil baik secara fisika, kimia,
maupun mikrobiologi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8. aman (tidak toksik)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9. Tidak terjadi reaksi antar bahan
dalam formula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.
Penggunaan wadah yang sesuai, sehingga mencegah terjadinya interaksi dengan bahan
obat <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11. Sesuai antara bahan obat yang ada dalam wadah
dengan etiket, dan tidak terjadi
pengurangan kualitas selama penyimpanan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Rumusan Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah yang dimaksud dengan infus ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebutkan penggolongan sediaan infus
berdasarkan komposisi dan kegunaannya ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Tujuan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui pengertian infus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui penggolongan sediaan infus
berdasarkan komposisi dan kegunaannya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
DEFENISI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Infus adalah larutan dalam jumlah
besar terhitung mulai dari 10 ml yang diberikan melalui intravena tetes demi
tetes dengan bantuan peralatan yang cocok. Asupan air dan elektrolit dapat
terjadi melalui makanan dan minuman dan dikeluarkan dalam jumlah yang relatif
sama. Rasionya dalam tubuh adalah air 57%; lemak 20,8%; protein 17,0%; serta
mineral dan glikogen 6%. Ketika terjadi gangguan hemeostatis (keseimbangan
cairan tubuh), maka tubuh harus segera mendapatkan terapi untuk mengembalikan
keseimbangan air dan elektrolit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
PENGGOLONGAN SEDIAAN INFUS BERDASARKAN KOMPOSISI DAN KEGUNAANNYA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <u>2.1 Larutan Elektrolit<o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cairan Fisiologis Tubuh Manusia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Tubuh manusia mengandung 60% air dan
terdiri atas cairan intraselular (di dalam sel) 40% yang mengandung ion-ion K<sup>+</sup>,
Mg<sup>++</sup> , sulfat, fosfat, protein, serta senyawa organik asam fosfat
seperti ATP, heksosa monofosfat, dan lain-lain. Air pun mengandung cairan
ekstraselular (diluar sel) 20% yang kurang lebih mengandung 3 liter air dan
terbagi atas cairan interstisial ( di antara kapiler dan sel) 15% dan plasma
darah 5% dalam sistem peredaran darah serta mengandung beberapa ion seperti Na<sup>+</sup>,
klorida, dan bikarbonat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabel.
Jenis elektrolit dalam plasma darah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.65in;" valign="top" width="158"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.35pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah
normal mV/liter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.65in;" valign="top" width="158"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Na<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">K<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ca<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cl<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">HCO<sub>3<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">HPO<sub>4</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SO<sub>4<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Protein<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">137,0 – 148,0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,9 – 5,0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4,8 – 5,4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,7 – 3,3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">98,0 – 108,0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">24,0 – 28,0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,5 – 2,3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1 – 2,0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">14,6
– 19,4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi Larutan Elektrolit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Secara klinis, larutan digunakan untuk
mengatasi perbedaan ion atau penyimpangan jumlah normal elektrolit dalam darah.
Ada 2 jenis kondisi plasma darah yang menyimpang, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 85.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asidosis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kondisi
plasma darah yang terlampau asam akibat adanya ion klorida dalam jumlah
berlebih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alkalosis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kondisi
plasma darah yang terlampau basa akibat adanya ion natrium, kalium, dan kalsium
dalam jumlah berlebih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
dapar darah adalah keseimbangan asam basa darah mengikuti sistem dapar, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hidrogen
karbonat – karbonat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hidrogen
fosfat – dihidrogen fosfat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Serum
– protein<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab
berkurangnya elektrolit plasma adalah kecelakaan, kebakaran, operasi atau
perubahan patologis organ, gastroenteritis, demam tinggi, atau penyakit lain
yang menyebabkan output dan input tidak seimbang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kehilangan
natrium disebut hipovolemia, sedangkan kekurangan H<sub>2</sub>O disebut
dehidrasi. Kemudian, kekurangan HCO<sub>3</sub> disebut asidosis metabolic dan
kekurangan K<sup>+</sup> disebut hipokalemia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asidosis
berbeda dengan asidemia. Asidosis berkaitan dengan proses fisiologis yang
menyebabkan penurunan pH darah, sedangkan asidemia adalah keadaan pH arteri
< 7,35.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Infus
Asering (Otsuka)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Formulanya
sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resep
larutan dasar elektrolit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Na<sup>+</sup> 130 mEq<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">K<sup>+ </sup> 4 mEq<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cl<sup>-</sup> 109 mEq<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ca
<sup>++ </sup> 3 mEq<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asetat 28 mEq<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aqua
p.i. 1000 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2
Infus Karbohidrat<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 28.35pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Infus karbohidrat adalah sediaan infus
berisi larutan glukosa atau dekstrosa yang cocok untuk donor kalori. Kita
menggunakannya untuk memenuhi glikogen otot kerangka, hipoglikemia, dan
lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 28.35pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 28.35pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegunaan
: 5% isotonis, 20% untuk diuretika, dan 30-50% terapi oedema di otak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 28.35pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh
: larutan manitol 15-20% digunakan untuk menguji fungsi ginjal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 28.35pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 28.35pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.3
Larutan Kombinasi Elektrolit dan Karbohidrat<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contohnya
: Infus KA-EN 4B paed (otsuka)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Formulanya
sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Na<sup>+</sup> 30 mEq<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">K<sup>+ </sup> 8 mEq<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cl<sup>-</sup> 28 mEq<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Laktat 10 mEq<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Glukosa 37,5 g<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aqua
p.i. 1000 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4
Larutan Irigasi<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 28.35pt 56.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Larutan irigasi adalah sediaan larutan
steril dalam jumlah besar (3 liter). Larutan tidak disuntikkan ke dalam vena,
tetapi digunakan di luar sistem peredaran dan umumnya menggunakan jenis tutup
yang diputar atau plastik yang dipatahkan, sehingga memungkinkan pengisian
larutan dengan cepat. Kita menggunakan larutan untuk merendam atau mencuci
luka-luka sayatan bedah atau jaringan tubuh dan dapat pula mengurangi
pendarahan. Kita biasa menggunakannya dalam kegiatan Laparatomy, Arthroscopy, Hysterectomy, dan
Turs (urologi).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 28.35pt 56.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 28.35pt 56.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persyaratan
larutan irigasi sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 28.35pt 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Isotonic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 28.35pt 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Steril<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 28.35pt 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak absorpsi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 28.35pt 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bukan larutan elektrolit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 28.35pt 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak mengalami metabolism<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 28.35pt 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cepat diekskresi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 28.35pt 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempunyai tekanan osmotic diuretik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contohnya
: Larutan Glycine 1,5% dalam 3 liter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Larutan asam asetat 0,25%
dalam 1-3 liter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 85.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 85.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 85.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.5
Larutan Dialisis Peritoneal<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 85.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 56.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Larutan dialisis peritoneal merupakan
suatu sediaan parental steril dalam jumlah besar (2 liter). Larutan tidak disuntikkan
ke dalam vena, tetapi dibiarkan mengalir ke dalam ruangan peritoneal dan
umumnya menggunakan tutup plastik yang dipatahkan, sehingga memungkinkan
larutan dengan cepat turun ke bawah. Penggunaan cairan demikian bertujuan
menghilangkan menghilangkan senyawa-senyawa toksik yang secara normal
dikeluarkan atau diekskresikan ginjal. Pada kasus keracunan atau kegagalan
ginjal, penggunaaan larutan dialisis peritoneal merupakan pilihan lain yang
dapat dilakukan. Larutan diabsorbsi dalam membran peritoneal mengikuti
peredaran darah. Kemudian, di dalam ujung sel peritoneal terjadi penarikan zat
toksin dari darah ke dalam cairan dialisis, yang bekerja sebagai membran
semipermeabel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 56.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 56.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persyaratan
larutan dialisis peritoneal adalah <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 28.35pt 56.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hipertonis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Steril<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 64.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat menarik toksin dalam ruang
peritoneal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contohnya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan Dianeal 1,5% dan 2,5%, 2 liter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Formulanya sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">NaCl 538
mg 538 mg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Na laktat 448 mg 448
mg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CaCl<sub>2</sub> 25,7 mg 25,7
mg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MgCl<sub>2</sub> 5,08 mg 5,08
mg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dektrose 1,5
g 2,5 g<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aqua p.i. 100 ml 100 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Osmolarity 346 396<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pH 5,2 5,2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.6 Larutan Plasma Expander Atau Penambah Darah<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan <i>plasma expander</i> adalah suatu sediaan larutan steril yang digunakan
untuk menggantikan plasma darah yang hilang akibat perdarahan,luka
bakar,operasi, dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Whole
Blood<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 85.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Whole
blood</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> atau darah lengkap manusia adalah darah yang telah
diambil dari donor manusia, yang di pilih dengan pencegahan pendahuluan aseptic
yang ketat. Darah di tambahkan ion sitrat atau heparin sebagai antikoagulasi.
Kita menyimpan darah yang di kumpulkan pada temperature 1˚C-10˚C dan
mempertahankannya tetap konstan dengan kisaran 2˚C. Tanggal kadaluarsanya tidak
lebih dari 21 hari sesudah tanggal pengambilan bila sitrat yang di gunakan
sebagai antikoagulasi dan tidak lebih
dari 48 jam bila heparin yang di gunakan. Kita umumnya mengemas darah dalam 1
unit (500 ml) volume dan memberikan atau memasukannya kedalam pembuluh darah.
Namun, terlebih dulu pastikan ketercampuran darah donor dengan darah penerima.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 85.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Sebaliknya, sel-sel darah merah adalah
darah lengkap manusia dengan plasma telah di buang. Plasma dapat di pisahkan
dari dengan disentrifuse (diputar). Kita menyimpan sel darah pada temperature
yang sama dengan darah lengkap manusia atau dapat membekukannya pada temperatur -65˚C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Human
Albumin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 85.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Human albumin adalah sediaan steril
albumin serum yang di dapat dengan melakukan fraksinasi darah dari donor
manusia sehat. Tidak kurang dari 96% protein harus albumin. Setiap 100 ml
mengandung 25 g albumin serum sebanding atau ekuivalen keosmotikannya dengan
500 ml plasma manusia normal atau 5 g sebanding dengan 100 ml plasma manusia
normal. Kita memberikan albumin serum sebagai penyokong volume darah dengan
infuse melalui pembuluh darah dan umumnya dengan volume yang ekuivalen dengan
25-75 g albumin setiap harinya. Tanggal kadaluarsanya berkisar antara 3-10
tahun, tergantung pada keadaan penyimpanan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Infuse Human Albumin
20%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Formulanya sebagai
berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resep Human Albumin 20%
(mengandung 20% protein dari minimum 96% Human Albumin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Human Albumin 192
g<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Ion Natrium 125 mmol/L 2,88 g/L<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Ion Kalsium max 2 mmol/L 0,08 g/L<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Ion Kalsium max 2 mmol/L max 0,08 g/L<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Ion Klorida max 100 mmol/L max 3,55 g/L<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Aqua untuk injeksi 1000 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Plasma
Protein<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 85.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Plasma protein adalah larutan steril
protein yang terpilih dari plasma darah donor manusia dewasa. Plasma mengandung
± 5 g protein per 100 ml, 83-90% adalah albumin, lalu sisanya alfa dan beta
globulin. Umumnya, kita memberikan plasma protein dalam volume 250-500 ml.
tetapi kadang-kadang sampai 1500 ml sebagai penyokong volume darah. Tanggal
kadaluarsanya antara 3-5 tahun, tergantung pada kondisi penyimpanan. Plasma
yang digunakan sebagai penambah darah dinamakan darah lengkap manusia, sel
darah merah manusia, albumin serum manusia normal, dan fraksi protein plasma manusia.
Pada pengumpulan darah manusia dari donor-donor darah untuk digunakan pada
tranfusi, kita harus hati-hati memperlakukan seluruh darah atau sel darah agar
sel darah atau darah tidak menggumpal. Berikut adalah larutan resmi yang digunakan untuk tujuan tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 85.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Kehilangan cairan tubuh sebanyak 10%
belum berakibat besar karena masih mampu dinormalisasikan oleh peredaran darah
sendiri. Namun, bila cairan tubuh atau jumlah plasma yang hilang lebih dari
itu, maka tubuh memerlukan pengganti untuk mencegah penggumpalan sel-sel darah
serta menormalkan viskositas darah yang membesar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 85.05pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Larutan yang dibutuhkan adalah senyawa
koloid dengan BM>30.000, inert, cairan tidak mudah dieliminasi, dan dapat
digunakan dengan atau tanpa elektrolit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Infus Plasmanate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Formulanya sebagai
berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Plasma Protein <i>Fraction (Human)</i> 5%, 100 ml USP<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Plasma Protein 5
g<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Sodium carbonat 0,004
M<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (setara dengan <i>sodium
caprylate</i> dan <i>acetyl tryptophan</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Sodium ion 145
mEq/L<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Potasium 0,24
mEq/L<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Chloride 100
mEq/L<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan
Gelatin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Larutan gelatin merupakan hasil
hidrolisis kolagen, yakni suatu senyawa polipeptida. Larutan sangat cocok untuk
plasma ekspander karena strukturnya terdiri atas protein, sehingga dengan
protein plasma dapat memberikan efek osmotik yang sama. Pada suhu kamar,
gelatin dapat mengental, sehingga kita perlu menghangatkan larutan dan pada
pemanasan gelatin dapat terurai. Untuk memperbaiki kelarutan, kita perlu
menambahkan glioksal atau isosianat agar bentuk molekulnya bertambah panjang
dan bercabang. Setelah 24 jam dieliminasi atau diurai secara enzimatik, gelatin
hilang dari peredaran darah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Sebagai cairan pengganti darah, kita
menggunakan larutan gelatin 5% yang diisotonikkan dengan natrium klorida dan
dapat disterilkan pada suhu 121-124˚C dalam autoklaf.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Infus Haemacel, Infus
Haemaccel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Formulanya sebagai
berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resep: 3,5% <i>Colloidal
Infusion Solution</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Gelatin dari polypeptides (<i>bovine
bone</i>) 35 g<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Chlorida ion 5,14 g 145 mmol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Potasium ion 0,20 g 5,1 mmol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Calcium ion 0,25 g 6,25 mmol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Sodium ion 3,33 g 145 mmol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Aqua untuk injeksi 1000 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan
Dekstran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 99.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Larutan dekstran adalah suatu
senyawa polisakarida dengan satuan glukosa sebagai komponen monomer, yang terikat
secara glikosidik pada posisi alpha 1,6. Bentuk molekulnya berupa benang
panjang bergelombang. Dekstran terbentuk di dalam media yang mengandung
sakarosa di bawah pengaruh enzim dekstran-sakarase yang diproduksi berbagai
spesies <i>leuconostoc</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 99.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Sebagai pengganti plasma, kita
menggunakan 6% atau 10% larutan dekstran 40 atau 70 dengan berat molekul
rata-rata 40.000 atau 70.000 dengan penambahan NaCl 0,9%. Pada umumnya, kita
tidak menjumpai persoalan teknis pada pembuatan larutan dekstran. Kita dapat
mengsterilkan larutan pada suhu 120˚C dan yang disimpan pada suhu 4˚C terbukti
stabil dalam waktu 19 tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Infus Otsutran -70
(Otsuka)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Formulanya sebagai
berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dekstran 70 in normal salin 6%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dekstran 70 6,0%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Sodium chloride 0,9%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Aqua untuk injeksi 500
ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Osmolarity = 316,5 mOsm/L<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan
Protein (Asam Amino)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Larutan protein diinfuskan ke dalam
tubuh jika tubuh mengalami kekurangan protein. Umumnya, larutan terdiri atas 8
asam amino penting, yaitu: L-Isoleusin, L-Leusin, L-Lisine, L-Metionin,
L-Fenilalanin, L-Trionin, L-Triptopan, dan L-Valin. Kedelapan asam amino ini
penting dan harus selalu ada dalam jumlah dan perbandingan yang tertentu di
dalam infus. Hilangnya satu komponen menyebabkan efek yang diharapkan tidak tercapai,
malah akan terjadi gangguan dalam pertukaran protein tubuh. Kemudian, jumlah
yang berlebih pun tidak ada gunanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Komponen lainnya adalah sorbitol
sebagai penyangga energy, demikian pula vitamin dan tambahan elektrolit.
Larutan diatur pada pH sekitar 6. Harga pH yang lebih tinggi akan mengurangi
stabilitas larutan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Untuk mengurangi penguraian asam
amino pada sterilisasi panas, kita umumnya melakukannya pada suhu 120˚C dengan
tekanan uap disertai penjenuhan gas netral. Natrium pirosulfit dalam jumlah sangat
kecil mampu mengusir oksigen pada kondisi tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contohnya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Infus Aminofusin L (Primer).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<b>Kesimpulan</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Infus
adalah larutan dalam jumlah besar terhitung mulai dari 10 ml yang diberikan
melalui intravena tetes demi tetes dengan bantuan peralatan yang cocok. Penggolongan
sediaan infus berdasarkan komposisi dan kegunaannya yaitu larutan elektrolit,
infus karbohidrat, larutan kombinasi elektrolit dan karbohidrat, larutan
irigasi, larutan dialisis peritoneal, dan larutan plasma expander atau penambah
darah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Saran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Sebaiknya
dalam pembuatan infus harus diperhatikan dalam proses sterilisasi agar tidak
terkontaminasi dengan mikroba. Serta dalam penyimpanan dan penggunaannya harus
memperhatikan bahwa sediaan infus tersebut dalam keadaan steril.</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7529126109384346954.post-62282364117857748512013-01-22T00:21:00.003+08:002013-01-22T00:21:50.175+08:00Pengujian & Evaluasi Obat Suntik<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Makalah teknologi dan formulasi sediaan steril..........<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Salah satu
bentuk sediaan steril adalah injeksi. Injeksi adalah sediaan steril berupa
larutan, emulsi atau suspensi atau serbuk yang harus dilarutkan atau
disuspensikan terlebih dahulu sebelum digunakan yang disuntikkan dengan cara
merobek jaringan ke dalam kulit atau melalui kulit atau selaput lendir. Dimasukkan
ke dalam tubuh dengan menggunakan alat suntik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suatu
sediaan parenteral harus steril karena sediaan ini unik yang diinjeksikan atau
disuntikkan melalui kulit atau membran mukosa ke dalam kompartemen tubuh yang
paling dalam. Sediaan parenteral memasuki pertahanan tubuh yang memiliki
efesiensi tinggi yaitu kulit dan membran mukosa sehingga sediaan parenteral
harus bebas dari kontaminasi mikroba dan bahan-bahan beracun dan juga harus
memiliki kemurnian yang dapat diterima.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dengan
makalah ini diharapkan bisa mengetahui pengujian atau evaluasi obat suntik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Apa yang dimaksud dengan Injeksi atau
Parenteral dan obat suntik ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Apa Kelebihan dan Kelemahan Sediaan Injeksi
?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Apa saja Pembawa Obat Suntik ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Apa saja Syarat Obat Suntik ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagaimana cara untuk melakukan Evaluasi
Sediaan Obat Suntik ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ISI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2.1
Definisi <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Obat suntik didefinisikan secara luas sebagai sediaan steril
bebas pirogen yang dimaksudkan untuk diberikan secara parenteral. Istilah
parenteral seperti yang umum digunakan, menunjukkan pemberian lewat suntikan
seperti berbagai sediaan yang diberikan dengan disuntikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Injeksi
adalah sediaan steril berupa larutan, emulsi, suspensi atau serbuk yang harus
dilarutkan atau disuspensikan lebih dahulu sebelum digunakan secara parenteral,
suntikkan dengan cara menembus atau merobek jaringan ke dalam atau melalui kulit
atau selaput lender.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Injeksi
diracik dengan melarutkan, mengemulsi atau mensuspensikan sejumlah obat dalam
sejumlah pelarut atau dengan mengisikan sejumlah obat ke dalam wadah dosis
tunggal atau wadah dosis ganda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Menurut
USP, sediaan obat suntik dapat dibagi menjadi lima kelompok, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
Larutan obat siap untuk disuntikkan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
Zat padat kering yang dinyatakan dengan istilah “untuk disuntikkan” yang telah
ditambahkan pelarut yang sesuai berupa larutan yang memenuhi syarat obat suntik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.
Suspensi steril, berupa zat padat yang disuspensikan dalam Pembawa yang sesuai,
yang tidak boleh disuntikkan ke dalam pembuluh darah atau ke dalam sumsum
tulang belakang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.
Zat padat kering, yang dinyatakan sebagai “steril” untuk disuspensikan yang
telah ditambahkan zat pembawa yang sesuai, yang memberikan bahan-bahan yang
memenuhi syarat untuk suspensi steril.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.
Emulsi dari cairan dalam lengkungan cairan untuk disuntikkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Selain
dari pada itu sediaan obat suntik dapat dibagi beberapa kelompok, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
Larutan sejati dengan pembawa air, contohnya vitamin C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
Larutan sejati dengan pembawa minyak, contohnya Injeksi kamper.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.
Larutan sejati dengan pembawa campuran, contohnya Injeksi Phenobarbital.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.
Suspensi steril dengan pembawa air, contohnya Injeksi Calciferol.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.
Suspensi steril dengan pembawa minyak, contohnya Injeksi bismuth subsalisilat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.
Emulsi steril, contohnya Infus Ivelip 20%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.
Serbuk kering dilarutkan dengan air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelebihan dan Kelemahan Sediaan
Injeksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keuntungan injeksi</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Respon
fisiologis yang cepat dapat dicapai segera bila diperlukan, yang menjadi
pertimbangan utama dalam kondisi klinik seperti gagal jantung, asma, shok.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Terapi
parenteral diperlukan untukobat-obat yang tidak efektif secara oral atau yang dapat
dirusak oleh saluran pencernaan, seperti insulin, hormon dan antibiotik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Obat-obat
untuk pasien yang tidak kooperatif, mual atau tidak sadar harus diberikan
secara injeksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Bila memungkinkan, terapi parenteral memberikan
kontrol obat dari ahli karena pasien harus kembali untuk pengobatan
selanjutnya. Juga dalam beberapa kasus, pasien tidak dapat menerima obat secara
oral.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. Penggunaan parenteral dapat menghasilkan efek
lokal untuk obat bila diinginkan seperti pada gigi dan anestesi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. Dalam kasus simana dinginkan aksi obat yang
diperpanjang, bentuk parenteral tersedia, termasuk injeksi steroid periode
panjang secara intra-artikular dan penggunaan penisilin periode panjang secara
i.m.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7. Terapi parenteral dapat memperbaiki kerusakan
serius pada keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8. Bila makanan tidak dapat diberikan melalui mulut,
nutrisi total diharapkan dapat dipenuhi melalui rute parenteral.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9. Aksi
obat biasanya lebih cepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10. Seluruh
dosis obat digunakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11. Beberapa obat, seperti insulin dan heparin,
secara lengkap tidak aktif ketika diberikan secara oral, dan harus diberikan
secara parenteral.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12. Beberapa obat mengiritasi ketika diberikan
secara oral, tetapi dapat ditoleransi ketika diberikan secara intravena,
misalnya larutan kuat dektrosa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13. Jika pasien dalam keadaan hidrasi atau shok,
pemberian intravena dapat menyelamatkan hidupnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerugian
Injeksi</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk sediaan
harus diberikan oleh orang yang terlatih dan membutuhkan waktu yang lebih lama
dibandingkan dengan pe</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mberian
rute lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Pada
pemberian parenteral dibutuhkan ketelitian yang cukup untuk pengerjaan secara
aseptik dari beberapa rasa sakit tidak dapat dihindari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Obat
yang diberikan secara parenteral menjadi sulit untuk mengembalikan efek
fisiologisnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Yang
terakhir, karena pada pemberian dan pengemasan, bentuk sediaan parenteral lebih
mahal dibandingkan metode rute yang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. Beberapa
rasa sakit dapat terjadi seringkali tidak disukai oleh pasien, terutama bila
sulit untuk mendapatkan vena yang cocok untuk pemakaian i.v.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. Dalam
beberapa kasus, dokter dan perawat dibutuhkan untuk mengatur dosis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7. Sekali digunakan, obat dengan segera menuju ke
organ targetnya. Jika pasien hipersensitivitas terhadap obat atau overdosis
setelah penggunaan, efeknya sulit untuk dikembalikan lagi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8. Pemberian beberapa bahan melalui kulit
membutuhkan perhatian sebab udara atau mikroorganisme dapat masuk ke dalam
tubuh. Efek sampingnya dapat berupa reaksi phlebitis, pada bagian yang
diinjeksikan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.3<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembawa
Obat Suntik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Syarat-syarat
untuk pembawa obat suntik yaitu sebagai, berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Harus inert secara farmakologi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dapat diterima dan diserap dengan
baik oleh tubuh <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak toksis dalam jumlah yang
disuntikkan dan tidak merangsang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak mengganggu khasiat obat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak bereaksi untuk identifikasi
dan penetapan kadar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak mempengaruhi aktivitas obat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak mengiritasi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zat
pembawa terbagi atas, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a. Zat pembawa berair</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Umumnya digunakan aqua pro injeksi. Selain itu
dapat digunakan NaCl pro injeksi, glukosa pro injeksi, dan NaCl compositus pro
injeksi.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><br />
<span style="background: white;">b. Zat pembawa bukan air</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Umumnya digunakan minyak untuk injeksi misalnya
oleum sesami, oleum olivarum, oleum arachidis.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><br />
<span style="background: white;">c. Zat pembawa minyak </span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">d. Zat pembawa lain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Yaitu alcohol, propilen glikol, gliserin, poli etilen glikol,
dan etil alcohol. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.4<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Syarat Obat Suntik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bebas dari mikroorganisme, steril atau
dibuat dari bahan-bahan steril di bawah kondisi yang kurang akan adanya
kombinasi mikroorganisme (proses aseptik).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan-bahan bebas dari endotoksin
bakteri dan bahan pirogenik lainnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan-bahan yang bebas dari bahan asing
dari luar yang tidak larut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sterilitas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bebas dari bahan partikulat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bebas dari Pirogen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kestabilan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Injeksi sedapat mungkin isotonis dengan
darah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.5<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengujian
atau Evaluasi Obat Suntik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Dalam pembuatan sediaan obat suntik, kita perlu
menganalisis material yang disiapkan, peralatan yang digunakan, serta setiap
tahapan proses produksi dan packaging agar mendapatkan hasil produksi yang
bermutu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Menurut USA-FDA, ada 6 sistem control kualitas dalam
pembuatan obat suntik untuk mendapatkan kualitas obat suntik yang baik sebagai
berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem dan dokumen yang berkualitas
serta petugas yang pandai dan memilki kemampuan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Fasilitas dan perlengkapan yang
terkontrol baik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Material yang bermutu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem produksi yang baik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem packaging yang baik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Laboratorium <i>Quality Control </i>yang baik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kita
harus dapat melakukan keenam system control dengan baik agar produksi dan hasil
produksi memiliki mutu yang baik. Pengujian memerlukan pengambilan sampel dari jumlah
produksi setiap container yang dihasilkan. Kita dapat melihatnya dalam tabel di
bawah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: center; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 7.85pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 420px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 24.95pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" rowspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.95pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: .5pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.0pt;" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 7.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Jumlah
produksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.0pt;" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 7.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Jumlah
sampel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.95pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.0pt;" width="167"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 7.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Jumlah
sampel (max) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 24.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.95pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.0pt;" width="167"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 7.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">yang
diperbolehkan rusak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 7.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">151-280<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 7.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">32<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="167"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 7.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 7.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">281-500<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 7.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="167"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 7.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 7.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">501-1.200<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 7.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="167"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 7.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 7.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1.201-3.200<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 7.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">125<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="167"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 7.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 7.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">3.201-10.000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 7.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">200<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="167"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 7.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 7.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">10.001-35.000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 7.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">315<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="167"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 7.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 7.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">35.001-150.000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="127"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 7.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">500<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="167"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 7.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tabel 9.1 </span></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Jumlah sampel
obat suntik yang diuji atau dievaluasi dari
total produksi dan hasil yang diperbolehkan rusak<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Obat
suntik yang telah diproduksi memerlukan pengujian kualitas obat suntik meliputi
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kekedapan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ampul yang telah disterilkan sering kali memiliki
celah atau retakan yang tidak terlihat oleh mata atau secara mikroskopik,
khususnya pada lokasi penutupan ampul. Celah atau retakan merupakan sumber
bahaya bagi kontaminasi larutan injeksi. Ampul dikumpulkan dalam bak 3 liter
dan dimasukkan larutan metilen biru (0,08-0,09%), yang dicampur dengan 0,9%
benzyl alcohol dan 3 ppm sodium hypochlorite. Kemudian, bak ditutup dan
divakumkan dengan tekanan 70 mmHg (0.96 kg/sq.cm) selama beberapa menit, tidak
lebih dari 15 menit. Selanjutnya, bak dinormalkan kembali, lalu dibuka.
Perhatikan apakah ampul diwarnai oleh larutan bahan pewarna atau setelah
pencucian ampul diwarnai oleh bahan pewarna. Dengan adanya celah-celah kapiler,
larutan bewarna akan masuk, sehingga mewarnai ampul dan menandakan ampul rusak.
Pada ampul bewarna diuji dengan larutan yang berflourosensi yang diakhiri
dengan pengamatan pada cahaya UV.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kejernihan (pengotoran tidak larut dan bahan melayang)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengujian dilakukan secara visual.
Ampul atau botol diputar 180° berulang-ulang di depan suatu background yang
gelap dan sisinya diberi cahaya. Bahan melayang akan berkilauan bila terkena
cahaya. Pencahayaan menggunakan lampu Atherman atau lampu proyeksi dengan
cahaya 1000 lux-3500 lux dan jarak 25 cm. Background gelap atau hitam. Umur
petugas yang bekerja harus <40 tahun, sehat, dan setiap tahun harus periksa
mata.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Zat aktif</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengujian dapat dilakukan dengan volumetric,
spektrofotometer, HPLC, atau alat lainnya yang cocok secara kuantitatif dengan
standar Farmakope.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sterilitas</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengujian dilakukan secara
mikrobiologis dengan menggunkan medium pertumbuhan tertentu. Produk dikatakan
bebas mikroorganisme bila <i>Sterility
Assuranve Level</i> (SAL) = 10<sup>-6</sup> atau 12 log reduction (<i>over kill sterilization</i>). Bila proses
pembuatan menggunakan aseptic (<i>aseptic
processing</i>), maka SAL =10<sup>-4</sup>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pirogenitas</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengujian dilakukan dengan tes
kelinci (FI) dan tes limulus.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Keseragaman volume</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengujian dilakukan dengan alat
ukur volume. Larutan tiap wadah harus sedikit lebih dari volume yang tertera
pada etiket.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Keseragaman bobot</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hilangkan etiket 10 wadah; cuci
bagian luar wadah dengan air; keringkan pada suhu 105<sup>0</sup>C; timbang
satu persatu dalam keadaan terbuka; keluarkan isi wadah; cuci wadah dengan air,
kemudian dengan eatnol 95%; keringkan lagi pada suhu 105<sup>0</sup>C sampai
bobot tetap; dinginkan dan kemudian timbang satu per satu. Bobot isi wadah
tidak boleh menyimpang lebih dari batas tertentu dalam tabel (lihat tabel 9.2),
kecuali satu wadah yang boleh menyimpang tidak lebih dari 2 kali batas yang tertentu.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-anchor-vertical: page; mso-table-left: center; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 91.55pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 417px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 24.95pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 168.0pt;" width="224"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bobot
yang tertera pada etiket<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.95pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 145.0pt;" width="193"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Batas
penyimpangan dalam %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 168.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="224"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak
lebih dari 120 mg <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 145.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="193"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 168.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="224"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Antara
120 mg-300 mg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 145.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="193"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7,8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 168.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="224"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">300
mg atau lebih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 145.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="193"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tabel
9.2.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> <i>Batas
penyimpangan bobot pada keseragaman bobot wadah</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">pH</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengujian dilakukan dengan
menggunakan kertas lakmus atau kertas universal (secara konvensional) atau
dengan alat pH meter.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Homogenitas</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengujian homogenitas diberlakukan bagi
suspensi yang harus menunjukkan tampak luar homogenya setelah pengocokan dalam
waktu tertentu menggunakan alat Viskometer Brookfield, sedangkan pengujian
homogenitas emulsi dilakukan secara visual.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Toksisitas (Khusus
untuk produk baru)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dilakukan pemeriksaan dengan anak
udang LD<sub>50</sub>.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.6<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pelaporan Obat Suntik <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil
pengujian obat suntik perlu dilaporkan dalam formulir yang memuat hal-hal
seperti berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama
produk,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nomor
batch,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nomor
kontainer,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nama
pemeriksa,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanggal
periksa,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kelompok
penolakan,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kontainer
yang ditolak,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
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persen yang ditolak,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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yang diterima,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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sampel yang diperiksa,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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sampel yang ditolak,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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yang memenuhi syarat, dan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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tangan supervisor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.1
Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Lukas,
stefanus. 2006. <i>Formulasi steril</i>.
Andi. Yogyakarta. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7529126109384346954.post-10141229223028748042013-01-22T00:12:00.001+08:002013-01-22T00:12:41.196+08:00Sediaan Obat Suntik<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Makalah teknologi dan formulasi sediaan steril....<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat
suntik didefinisikan secara luas sebagai sediaan steril bebas pirogen yang
dimaksudkan unutk diberikan secara parenteral. Istilah parenteral seperti yang
umum digunakan, menunjukkan pemberian lewat suntikkan. Salah satu bentuk
sediaan steril adalah injeksi. Injeksi adalah sediaan steril berupa larutan,
emulsi atau suspensi atau serbuk yang harus dilarutkan atau disuspensikan
terlebih dahulu sebelum digunakan yang disuntikkan dengan cara merobek jaringan
ke dalam kulit atau melalui kulit atau selaput lendir. Dimasukkan ke dalam
tubuh dengan menggunakan alat suntik. Suatu sediaan parenteral harus steril
karena sediaan ini unik yang diinjeksikan atau disuntikkan melalui kulit atau
membran mukosa ke dalam kompartemen tubuh yang paling dalam. Sediaan parenteral
memasuki pertahanan tubuh yang memiliki efesiensi tinggi yaitu kulit dan
membran mukosa sehingga sediaan parenteral harus bebas dari kontaminasi mikroba
dan bahan-bahan beracun dan juga harus memiliki kemurnian yang dapat diterima.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
cara pembuatan obat suntik?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.3<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengetahui cara pembuatan obat suntik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.4<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat
mengetahui cara pembuatan obat suntik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ISI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1 Pengertian Sediaan Injeksi
(Suntik)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Injeksi
adalah sediaan steril berupa larutan, emulsi, suspensi atau serbuk yang harus
di larutkan atau di suspensikan lebih dahulu sebelum di gunakan secara
parenteral, suntikan dengan cara menembus, atau merobek ke dalam atau melalui
kulit atau selaput lendir.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2 Pembuatan Sediaan Injeksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembuatan
sediaan yang akan di gunakan untuk injeksi harus hati-hati untuk menghindari
kontaminasi mikroba dan benda asing. Cara pembuatan obat yang baik (CPOB) mensyaratkan
pula tiap wadah akhir injeksi harus di amati satu per satu secara fisik.
Kemudian, kita harus menolak tiap wadah yang menunjukan pencemaran bahan asing
yang terlihat secara visual.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk
suatu obat yang di buat sebagai obat suntik tergantung pada sifat obat sendiri
yang memperhatikan sifat fisika dan kimia serta pertimbangan terapetik
tertentu. Pada umumnya jika obat tidak stabil dalam larutan maka kita harus
membuatnya sebagai serbuk kering yang bertujuan di bentuk dengan penambahan
pelarut yang tepat pada saat akan di berikan. Cara lainnya adalah membuatnya
dengan bentuk suspense partikel obat dalam pembawa yang tidak melarutkan obat. Bila
obat tidak stabil dengan adanya air maka pelarut dapat dig anti sebagian atau
seluruhnya dengan pelarut yag tepat utuk
obat agar stabil. Bila obat tidak larut
dalam air maka obat suntik dapat di buat sebagai suspensi air atau larutan obat
dalam pelarut bukan air, seperti minyak nabati. Bila larutan air yang di inginkan maka kita sering
memakai garam yang larut dari obat yang tidak larut untuk memenuhi sifat
kelarutan yang di isyaratkan. Larutan air atau larutan yang bercampur dengan
darah dapat di suntikkan langsung ke dalam aliran darah. Cairan yang tidak
bercampur dengan darah, seperti obat suntik berminyak atau suspensi, dapat
menghambat aliran darah normal dalam system peredaran darah dan umumnya di
gunakan terbatas untuk pemberian bukan intravena.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kita
dapat mengatur mulai dan lamanya obat bekerja dengan bentuk kimia obat yang
digunakan, keadaan fisik obat suntik (larutan atau suspensi) , dan pembawa yang
di gunakan. Obat yang sangat larut dalam cairan tubuh umumnya paling cepat
diabsorbsi dan mulai kerjanya paling cepat. Artinya, obat dalam larutan air
mempunyai mula kerja yang lebih cepat dari pada obat dalam larutan minyak. Obat
suspensi dalam air pun bekerja lebih cepat dari pada obatsuspensi dalam minyak.
Alasanya adalah sediaan dalam air lebih mudah bercampur dengan cairan tubuh
sesua di suntikan dan kemudian kontak partikel obat dengan cairan tubuh menjadi lebih cepat.
Kita seringkali membutuhkan kerja obat yang lebih panjang untuk mengurangi
pengulangan pemberian suntikan. Jenis suntikan dengan kerja yang panjang biasa
di sebut jenis sediaan ‘depot” atau “repository”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
pembuatan obat suntik, syarat utamanya ialah obat harus streril, tidak
terkontaminasi bahan asing, dan di simpan dalam wadah yang menjamin sterilitas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.3 Klasifikasi Sediaan Injeksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sediaan
injeksi dibagi dalam klasifikasi sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Larutan sejati dengan pembawa air, contohnya injeksi vitamin c<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Formulasinya sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Resep vitamin c dengan kadar 2%
5% 10%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Vitamin c 2,0 5,0 10,0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Natrium hydrogen karboat 0,9 2,4 4,8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Tiourium 0,012 0,012
0,012<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Natrium klorida 0,2 - -<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Air untuk injeksi ad 100 ml 100 ml
100 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pembuatan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Kita jenuhkan air untuk injeksi
steril dengan karbondioksida selama sekurangnya 10 menit. Larutan vitamin c
secara aseptic dengan tioureum, lalu tambahka natrium klorida dan natrium
hydrogen karbonat sedikit demi sedikit. Selama penetrelan dengan natrium
hydrogen karbonat sampai PH 6,5 - 6,7 ,kita harus mencegahnkelebihan basa
setempat dengan aliran gas inert. Proses pembuatan memerlukan pencegahan
dterhadap panas, cahaya, dan logam berat seperti Cu, Fe dan Mn.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
Larutan sejati dengan pembawa minyak, contohnya injeksi kamfer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Formulanya sebagai berikut ;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Injeksi kamfer denga kadar 10%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Kamfer
100%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Minyak zaitun netral p.i 100 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Sebagai pembawa oba suntik kamfer, kita dapat
pula memakai eter atau campuran miyak
dan eter seperti resep di bawah ini :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kamfer
10,0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Eter 40,0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Minyak
zaiun netral p.i 100ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembuatan
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Kamfer di larutkan secara aseptik
dalam eter untuk narkosa dan minyak zaitun netral steril dalam wadah setril.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Larutan sejati dengan pembawa campuran,
contohnnya injeksi Phenobarbital<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Formulanya sebagai berikut ;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Injeksi Phenobarbital natrium 10%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dalam farmakope Denmark:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Phenobarbital 3,0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Phenobarbital natrium 6,72<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Uretan 25,0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Spiritus 94% W/W<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Gliserin steril 12,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Air untuk injeksi ad
100 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pembuatan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Kita memakai campuran gliserin
dengan alkohol untuk melarutkan ketiga zat dan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menambahkan air p.i sedikit demi sedikit
sampai larut sempurna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dalam CMN dan sorgdrager :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Phenobarbital 5% 10% 20%</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Phenobarbital 5,0 10,0 20,0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dietilamina 1,375 2,750 5,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan petit p.i ad 100ml 100ml 100ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan
petit untuk injeksi menurut CMN adalah campuran :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alkohol 96% 260<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gliseri 350<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Air ad 100ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pembuatan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Kita larutkan Phenobarbital dengan dietil
amina, lalu menambahkan larutan petit sedikit demi sedikit dan mengocokannya hingga larut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">FMI
memberikan resep sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Amilenhidrat 0,38<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uretan 0,35<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Air untuk injeksi ad 1,0 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.
Suspensi steril dengan pembawa air, contohnya injeksi calciferol ( vit D2 ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Formulannya sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Vit D2 10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Alkohol 250<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Tween 200<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Air untuk injeksi ad 1000 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pembuatan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Kita larutkan vit D2 dalam alkohol dengan menambahkan tween
sedikit demi sedikit hingga larutan jernih secara aseptic ( 1 satuan
international = 0,025 mikrogram vit D2 muri).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Suspensi steril dengan pembawa minyak
contohnya injeksi bismuthsubsalisilat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Formulannya sbb :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Resep bismuthsubsalisilat dalam kadar 10%
dan 17,5%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Bismuthsubsalisilat 10 17,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Minyak zaitun netral steril ad 100 100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pembuatannya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembuatan secara
aseptic bismuthsubsalisilat adalah menggerus dalam mortar sedikit demi sedikit
dan melarutkannya dalam minyak zaitun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6.
Emulsi streil contohnya infus invelip
20%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Resep : intravenous fat emultion 20%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Soylbean oil 200 mg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Glycerol 25 g<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Egg phosphatide 12 g<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Sodium oleat 0,3 g<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Sodium hydrokside qs pH=8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Aqua untuk injeksi 10000 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7.
Serbuk kering di larutkan dengan air<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pembuatan obat sutik dengan sediaan serbuk
kering karena bahan padat sangat tidak stabil
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 418.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dalam larutan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contohnya: injeksi solumedrol 500 mg dengan wadah yang
dikemas sedemikian rupa sehingga bila petugas akan menggunakan pelarut di
atasnya, maka tinggal memencet tutup vial agar pelarut turun ke bawah dan
melarutkan zat aktif yang tersedia di dalamnnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Formulannya
sbb:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.15pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Solumedrol 500 mg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembuatan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Kita masukan serbuk solumedrol kering ke dalam vial secara
septic dengan pelarut air p.i yang telah di siapkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4 Faktor-faktor Yang Mempengaruhi
Pembuatan Obat Suntik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.4.1<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelarut
dan Pembawa<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelarut dan pembawa air utuk obat
suntik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A.
pelarut yang paling sering di gunakan dalam obat suntik secara besar – besaran
adalah air untuk injeksi atau yang di sebut WFI ( water for injectioin ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1)
Persyaratan WFI menurut standar BP ( 20010 dan EP ( 2002) tidak boleh
mengandung :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a.)
Total karbonorganik tidak boleh lebih dari 0,5 mg per liter. Kemudian bila 25
ml air untuk injeksi di tambahkan
kalsium hidroksida LP maka selama 5 menit harus tetap jernih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b.)
Klorida tidak boleh lebih dari 0.5 ppm. Kemudia, bila100 ml air untuk injeksi
di tambahkan 1ml peraknitrat LP , maka setelah di diamkan selama 5 menit harus
tetap tidak berwarna dan jernih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c.)
Amonia tidak boleh lebih dari 0,1 ppm. Kemudian, bila 50 ml air untuk injeksi
di tambahkan 1 ml kalium raksa ( II ) iodide Lp dalam suasana alkalis dan
dilihat dalam tabung nassler, maka tidak memperlihatka pewarnaanyang lebih kuat
dari pada pewaraan yang di beri 50 ml air yang bebas amonik P setelah
penambahan 2 ml pereaksi nassler LP dan di periksa pada keadaan yang sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">d.)
Nitrat boleh lebih dari 0,2 ppm. Kemudia, 5 ml air untuk injeksi tidak bole
memberikan warna biru pada batas permukaan setelah di tuangkan dengan hati –
hati ke dalam 5 ml difenilalamina LP.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">e.)
Logam berat cu,fe,pb tidak bole lebih dari 0,1 ppm kemudian bila 100 ml air
untuk injeksi di tambahka 1 tetes larutan natrium sulfide LP,maka harusntetap
jernih dan tidak berwarna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">f.)
Oksidator tidak boleh lebih dari 5 ppm. Kemudian, bila 100 ml air untuk injeksi
di didihkan selama 3 menit serta di tambahkan 10 ml asam sulfat encer P dan 0,5
ml kalium permanganate 0,01 N , maka tidak menghilangkan sama sekali warna
larutan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">g.)
Bebas pirogen. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">h.)
pH 5,0-7,0, pemeriksaan dengan 1m ml air untuk injeksi dengan di tambahkan 2
tetes larutan merah metal LP tidak boleh memberikan warnah merah. Kemudian 10
ml air untuk injeksi dengan di tambahkan 5 tetes larutan biru bromtimol LP
tidak bole memberikan warna biru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2) Penyiapan air untuk
injeksi ( WFI ) harus di simpan dalam wadah yang tertutup rapat pada
temperature di bawah atau di atas kisaran temperature ideal mikroba dapat
tumbuh. Air untuk obat suntik bertujuan
di guakan dalam waktu 24 jam sesudah penampungan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3) Proses pembuatan WFI
menurut USP melalui 4 tahapan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B. Steril water of
injection ( air steril untuk injeksi ) adalah air untuk injeksi yang di
sterilkan dan di kemas dengan cara yang sesuai , tidak mengandung bahan
antimikroba atau bahan tambahan lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Syarat steril water of injection adalah
cairan jernih , steril, bebas pirogen, tak bebrau, tidak berwarna, tidak berasa
serta tidak mengandung logam – logam berat seperti cu,fe,pb dan zat- zat
pereduksi dan lain-lain, pH 5,0-7,0. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Operation Manual for Implementation of GMP, proses pembuatan
Sterile Water for Injection melalui 3 prose sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
pertama adalah persiapan (pretreatment) uuntuk mendapatkan Water for Injection
dimulai dari sumber air (sumur atau mata air) yang ditampung dan diendapkan,
kemudian diberi penyaring pasir dan diberi klorin,sehingga air dapat
diminum (drinking water). Air minum
disaring dengan karbomaktif, lalu disaring kembali dengan filter 5-10 µm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
kedua adalah proses final treatment
biasanya dilakukan Reverse osmosis dengan menggunakan chemical softening (kation dan anion), atau
menggunakan Twin Bed Column lalu disaring lagi menggunakan filter 5-10 µm
kemudian disaring lagi menggunakan filter yang lebih kecil dengan ukuran filter
2 µm bila perlu menggunakan
ozonisator atau ultraviolet atau pemanasan dengan temperatur diatas 70°C kemudian dimasukan dalam tangki
penampung dengan temperatur 70°C kemudian di EDI (Electro deionization) atau
didestilasi dimasukkan kedalam tangki
penampung lalu disaring dengan filter bakteri 0,2 µm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
ketiga adalah proses sterilisasi WFI dengan menggunakan auutoklaf,sehingga
mendapatkan WFI steril.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">C. <i>Bacteriostatic
Water for Injection</i> adalah air steril untuk obat suntik yang mengandung
satu atau lebih zat antimikroba yang
sesuai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Air dikemas dalam vial tidak lebih dari 30
ml,lalu etiket harus mencantumkan nama dan perbandingan zat antimikroba yang dikandung. Air digunakan sebagai pembawa
steril dalam sedian-sediaan obat suntik dengan volume kecil(kurang dari 5 ml).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">D. <i>Sodium Chloride Injection</i> adalah larutan steril dan isotonik
natrium klorida dalam air untuk obat suntik . Larutan tidak mengandung zat
antimikroba. Kandungan ion Na dan Cl dalam obat suntik kurang lebih 154 mEq per
liter. Larutan dapat digunakan sebagai pembawa steril dalam pembuatan larutan
atau suspensi obat untuk pemberian secara parenteral.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">E. <i>Bacteriostatic Sodium Chloride Injection</i> adalah larutan steril dan
isotonik natrium klorida dalam air untuk
obat suntik. Larutan mengandung satu atau lebih zat antimikroba yang sesuai dan
harus tertera dalam etiket. Kadar sodium Chloride sebesar 0,9% untuk membuat
larutan isotonis. Larutan harus dikemas dalam wadah tidak lebih besar dari 30
ml. Bila larutan digunakan sebagai pembawa ketelitin,maka kita harus melakukan
pengemasan untuuk menjamin ketercampuran obat dengan pengawet yang ada dan
dengan natrium klorida.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelarut dan Pembawa Bukan Air<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Minyak:
Olea neutralisata ad injectionem<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap farmakope
mencantumkan jenis minyak tumbuhan (nabati) yang berbeda-beda. Minyak kacang (<i>Oleum Arachidis</i>),minyak zaitun(<i>Oleum Olivarum</i>),minyak mendel,minyak
bunga matahari,minyak kedelai,minyak biji kapuk dan minyak wijen (<i>Oleum sesami</i>) adalah beberapa jenis
minyak yang sering digunakan sebagai pembawa pembawa injeksi. Minyak harus
netral secara fisiologis dan dapat diterima tubuh dengan baik. Persyaratan
untuk ini adalah tingkat kemurniaan yang tinggi dan menunjukan bilangan asam
dan bilangan peroksida yang rendah. Sebelum memakainya,kita netralkan
minyak-minyak dari asam lemak bebas melalui pengocokan denagn etanol supaya tidak merangsang.
Pemakaiannya secara intravena tidak tidak dimungkinkan karena tidak
tercampurkannya dengan serum darah dan dapat menyebabkan terjadinya emboli
paru-paru. Oleh karena itu, penggunaannya hanya ditujukan untuk preparat
injeksi intramuskular dan subkutan. Larutan atau suspensi minyak mempunyai
waktu kerja lama (depo), sering sampai 1 bulan penyerapan obat dan membebaskan
bahan aktifnya secara lambat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Minyak
hewan,yaitu minyak kaki sapi,diperoleh dari perdagangan hasil pemurnian lapisan lemak kuku sapi atau tulang kaki
bawah. Fraksi yang diperoleh melalui pengepresan dingin menggunakan sebagai bahan pelarut obat injeksi yang dapat diterima tubuh tanpa rangsangan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Minyak setelah disterilkan
disebut Olea Netralisata ad Injectionem.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabel
3.1 Contoh beberapa obat suntik dalam minyak<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 589px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 18.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 18.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 140.05pt;" valign="top" width="187"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Obat Suntik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 18.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Minyak<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 18.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 237.75pt;" valign="top" width="317"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Golongan atau Kegunaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 170.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 170.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 140.05pt;" valign="top" width="187"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Injeksi Desoksikortikosteron<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Acetate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Injeksi Dimerkaprol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Injeksi Estradiol Sipionat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Injeksi Estradiol valerat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Injeksi Estron<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Injeksi Progesteron<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Injeksi Testosteron sipionat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Injeksi Testosteron enantat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Injeksi kamfer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Injeksi Bismuthsubsalisilat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Injeksi Prokaina Penisilina<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 170.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Wijen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Kacang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Tanah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Biji Kapuk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Wijen atau<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Jarak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Wijen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Wijen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Biji kapuk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Wijen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Zaitun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Zaitun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 170.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 237.75pt;" valign="top" width="317"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Steroidadrenokortikal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Antidot keracunan arsen,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">emas,merkuri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Estrogen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Estrogen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Estrogen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Progestin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Androgen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Androgen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Analeptika<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Sifilis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Antibiotik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bukan
Minyak,yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Alkohol, Propyleneglycol,
Gycerine,Paraffin liq,dan Ethyl oleat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Alkohol, prophylenglycol, Glycerine, dan
lain-lain dicampur air dapat dipakai sebagai obat suntik, disamping melarutkan,
ternyata mempertinggi stabilitas obat dan larutannya pula.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4.2
Cara Pemberian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pemberian secara i.v. menimbulkan efek
yang lebih cepat daripada i.m. dan lebih cepat dari pada s.c.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4.3
Partikel Zat Aktif dan Bentuk Polimorfisme</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semakin halus ukuran
paritkel zat aktif,semakin cepat efek yang ditimbulkan. Kemudian, bentuuk amorf
memberikan efek yang lebih cepat daripada yang bentuk kristal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4.4
Zat Pengawet<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penambahan bahan
pengawet tergantung pada bahan aktif
yang digunakan dalam pembuatan formula obat suntik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4.5
Bentuk Sediaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan sejati
memberikan efek yang lebih cepat daripada larutan suspensi (sustained release
action) atau emulsi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4.6
Tonisitas Larutan Obat Suntik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Isotonis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
suatu larutan konsentrasinya sama besar dengan konsentrasi dalam sel darh merah, sehingga tidak terjadi
pertukaran cairan diantara keduanya, maka larutan dikatakan isotoni (ekuivalen dengan
larutan 0,9% NaCl)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">` 2. Isoosmotik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Jika suatu larutan memiliki
tekanan osmose sama dengan tekanan osmose serum darah, maka larutan dikatan
isoosmotik (0,9% NaCl, 154 mmol Na + dan 154 mmol Cl – per liter = 308 mmol per
liter, tek osmose 6,86). Pengukuran menggunakan alat osmometer dengan kadar mol zat per liter larutan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 3. Hipotonis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Turunnya titik beku kecil, yaitu
tekanan osmosenya lebih rendah dari serum darah, sehingga menyebabkan air akan
melintasi membran sel darah merah yang semipermeabel memperbesar volume sel
darah merah dan menyebabkan peningkatan
tekanan dalam sel. Tekanan yang lebih besar menyebabkan pecahnya sel-sel darah
merah . Peristiwa demikian disebut hemolisa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 4. Hipertonis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Turunnya
titik beku besar, yaitu tekanan osmosenya lebih
tinggi dari serum darah, sehingga menyebakan air keluar dari sel darah
merah melintasi membran semipermeabel
dan mengakibatkan terjadinya penciutan sel—sel darah merah. Peristiwa
demikian disebut plasmolisa. Bahan pembantu mengatur tonisitas
adalah: NaCl, Glukosa,Sukrosa,KNO3, dan NaNO3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4.7 pH Obat Suntik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Isohidris: Kondisi suatu larutan zat yang pH-nya sesuai dengan pH fisiologis
tubuh sekitar 7,4.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
Euhidris: Usaha pendekatan pH larutan suatu zat secara teknis kearah pH
fisiologis tubuh dilakukan pada zat yang tidak stabil pada pH fisiologis
seperti garam alkaloid, vitamin C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
BP:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
pembuatan obat suntik, kita perlu menetapkan pH obat suntik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa
obat suntik harus dibuat dalam jjarak pH tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
memperoleh pH tertentu, kita menggunakan bantuan dapar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi larutan dapar
dalam obat suntik adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningkatkan
stabilitas obat, misalnya injeksi vit C dan injeksi luminal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengurangi
rasa nyeri dan iritasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat
pula menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri (bukan tujuan sebenarnya)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningkatkan
aktivitas fisiologis obat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Garam
alkaloid dan vitamin B1 menghendaki pH 3-4, adrenalin pH 2-3,, dan luminal Na,
PAS menghendaki pH lebih dari 8. Untuk mendapatkan pH tertentu yang tetap, kita
menggunakan penambahan larutan dapar. Umumnya, kita menggunakan larutan dapar
fosfat, larutan dapar boraks, dan larutan dapar lain yang berkapasitas dapar
rendah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4.8 Stabilitas<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">USP
menginjinkan penambahan zat-zat yang sesuai kedalam sediaan yang resmi
digunakan sebagai obat suntik. Tujjuannya adalah meningkatkan kestabilan asal
sesuai dengan monografi masing-masing, tidak berbahaya dalam jumlah yang
diberikan, dan tidak mengganggu efek terapi sediaan.Senyawa-senyawa penambah
kebanyakan adalah pengawet antimikroba, dapar, penambah kelarutan, antioksidan,
dan zat-zat pembantu farmasi lainnya. Zat pewarna dilarang keras diberikan
dalam produk parenteral.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persyaratan
USP ialah satu atau lebih senyawa yang ditambahkan keproduk parenteral dalam
wadah dosis ganda untuk mencegah pertumbuhan mikroba, tanpa mengindahkan cara
sterilisasi yang digunakan kecuali jika dinyatakan dalam masing-masing
monografi. Karena banyaknya pengawet yang umum bersifat toksis bila diberikan
dalam jumlah berlebih atau mengiritasi bila diberikan secara parenteral, kita
perlu melakukan penelitian khusus pada pemilihan zat pengawet yang sesuai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
zat pengawet berikut, batas maksimum yang dinyatakan berlaku untuk penggunaan
dalam produk parenteral, yaitu: zat-zat yang mengandung merkuri atau kation =
0,01%, untuk zat-zat seperti khlorobutanol, kresol, fenol = 0,5%, untuk zat-zat
sulfur dioksida, sebagai antioksidan atau senyawa sulfit (ekuivalen), bisulfit,
atau metabisulfit dari kalium atau natrium = 0,2%. Selain zat penambah untuk
menstabilkan, udara di dalam produk obat suntik sering dengan gas inert,
seperti nitrogen. Tujuannya untuk meningkatkan kestabilan produk dengan
mencegah reaksi kimia antara oksigen dalam udara dengan obat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan
injeksi dengan bahan obat peka oksidasi membutuhkan upaya khusus untuk
menstabilkannya. Khususnya jika bahan obat harus dilindungi sedemikian rupa
sehingga sterilisasi panas dapat dilakukan. Kecepatan reaksi serta penguaraian
akan naik dengan meningkatnya suhu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agar
sediaan obat injeksi tetap stabil, maka kita perlu memperhatikan hal-hal berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Untuk mencegah reaksi oksidasi, kita
hendaknya mengupayakan agar obat tidak kontak dengan oksigen. Reaksi dapat
terjadi melalui pengaliran gas netral, dalam hal ini sebaiknya dilakukan pada
seluruh prosedur kerja. Jadi, pada saat menimbang, melarutkan, dan penyaringan,
gas yang cocok adalah karbondioksida dan nitrogen. Pengaliran gas nitrogen
seringkali tidak cukup memadai sebagai pelindung oksidasi, sehingga secara
bersamaan masih ditambahkan stabilisator larutan antioksigen, misalnya larutan
natirum bisulfit, natrium asamsulfoksilat, sistein, asam askorbat, dan
lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
Bila oksidasi dikatalisis oleh logam
berat, maka penawarnya dilakukan reaksi komplekson dengan penambahan garam
dinatrium EDTA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.
Bila ada rangsangan akibat cahaya terhadap proses oksidasi, maka pembuatan dan
penyimpanan larutan injeksi sebaiknya terlindung dari cahaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.
Bila bahan obat tidak dapat
disterilisasi dengan panas, maka tersedia penyaring bebas kuman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Bila bahan obat rusak karena hidrolisis,
maka kita lebih baik meraciknya dalam ampul kering.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6. Untuk mneghindari kontaminasi bakteri
kedalam preparat injeksi, kita memerlukan penambahan bahan pengawet (<i>antimicrobial preservative). </i>Umumnya,
kita melakukan penambahan bagi preparat injeksi takaran ganda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4.9 Volume Obat Suntik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Volume
yang disiapkan utnuk obat suntik tergantung pada kelarutan zat aktif, tetapi
juga dipengaruhi oleh cara pemberian. Contohnya pemberian secara intrakutan
harus dibuat dalam volume kecil, hanya pemberian secara intravena yang dapat
diberikan dengan volume besar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4.10 Biofarmasetika<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat
suntik diberikan kedalam tubuh dengan berbagai cara pemberian. Dalam pembuatan
formula steril, berbagai macam cara pemberian dengan biofarmasetika saling
mempengaruhi. Contohnya obat suntik dengan cara pemberian intramuskular. Jarum
suntik masuk kedalam jaringan dan membran otot dengan volume umumnyadibuat
tidak lebih dari 2 ml. Dengan demikian, formula obat suntik dapat dibuat dalam
bentuk larutan air, suspensi air, atau minyak. Kemudian, emulsi memiliki
absorpsi dan distribusi obat berbeda. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4.11 Gravitasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor
gravitasi sangat penting dalam pembuatan obat suntik pada golongan obat
anestesi. Pada pemberian obat anestesi secara intraspinal dan inhalasi,
gravitasi mempengaruhi pergerakan obat dalam mencapai sasaran. Pasien kadang
membutuhkan operasi pada bagian bawah tubuh dengan sebaiknya memiringkan kepala
kebawah. Kita harus melakuka pemilihan larutan yang digunakan secara benar agar
pergerakan obat mencapai sasaran. Contohnya, Cinchocaine HCL 1 ml yang
dilarutkan dalam 1500 ml 0,5% NaCl mendapatkan tekanan hipobarik dengan berat
1,0036 per ml pada temperatur 37°C. Sebaliknya, Cinchocaine HCL 1 ml yang
dilaruutkan dalam 200 ml 6% Dektrose mendapatka tekanan hiperbarik dengan berat
1,02. Hal ini memengaruhi pergerakan obat mencapai sasaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4.12 Wadah dan Penutup<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wadah
dari botol kaca dengan dari plastik mempengaruhi proses sterilisasi sediaan
obat yang akan dibuat. Wadah infus
terbuat dari plastik dengan bahan polipropilen menghasilkan bentuk soft bag
yang dapat disterilkan dengan cara overkill. Apabila wadah menggunakan bahan
polietilen, maka menghasilkan bentuk plabottle yang tidak dapat disterilkan
dengan cara overkill, tetapi dengan cara bioburden.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1 Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Injeksi
adalah sediaan steril berupa larutan, emulsi, suspense atau serbuk yang harus
di larutkan atau di suspensikan lebih dahulu sebelum di gunakan secara
parenteral, suntikan dengan cara menembus, atau merobek ke dalam atau melalui
kulit atau selaput lendir.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
pembuatan obat suntik, syarat utamanya ialah obat harus streril, tidak
terkontaminasi bahan asing, dan di simpan dalam wadah yang menjamin sterilitas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2 Saran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dalam pembutan sediaan steril (untuk
injeksi/suntik), harus diperhatikan dengan baik sifat dari obat yang akan dibuat.</span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7529126109384346954.post-27972778387948543082013-01-22T00:01:00.001+08:002013-01-22T00:01:20.198+08:00Ruangan Produksi Steril<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Makalah teknologi dan formulasi sediaan steril........<br />
<a name='more'></a><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">I S I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">RUANGAN PRODUKSI STERIL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ruangan produksi steril adalah tempat yang disiapkan
secara khusus dari bahan-bahan dan tata bentuk yang harus sesuai dengan Cara
Pembuatan Obat yang Baik (CPOB). Ruangan ini dipersiapkan untuk produksi obat
steril, sehingga harus mempunyai syarat khusus. Obat atau bahan obat yang akan
diproduksi harus mempunyai kepastian bahwa obat tidak terkontaminasi (pure).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bangunan dan fasilitas untuk pembuatan obat hendaklah memiliki desain,
konstruksi dan letak yang memadai, serta disesuaikn kondisinya dan dirawat
dengan baik untuk memudahkan pelaksanaan operasi yang benar. Tata letak dan
desain ruangan harus dibuat sedemikian rupa untuk memperkecil resiko
terjadinya kekeliruan, pencemaran-silang dan kesalahan lain, dan memudahkan
pembersihan , sanitasi dan perawatan yang efektif untuk menghindari pencemaran
silang, penumpukan debu atau kotoran, dan dampak lain yang dapat menurunkan
mutu obat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut CPOB, ruangan steril dikategorikan ruang
kelas I dan II atau sering disebut white area, yang harus memenuhi syarat
jumlah partikel dan mikroba. Kelas I sebenarnya berada dalam ruangan kelas II,
tetapi ruang kelas I memiliki alat LAF (Laminar Air Flow), yaitu alat yang
menjamin ruangan dalam kondisi steril dan bias dipakai untuk pembuatan secara
aseptik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebaliknya,
ruangan produksi steril harus memenuhi syarat sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bebas mikroorganisme aktif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mendapatkannya, udara yang ada di
dalam ruangan disaring dengan HEPA filter agar mendapatkan udara yang bebas
mikroorganisme dan partikel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada batasan kontaminasi dengan partikel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tekanan positif, yakni tekanan udara di
dalam ruangan lebih besar daripada udara di luar, sehingga udara di dalam
mengalir ke luar (udara di luar yang lebih kotor tidak dapat masuk ke dalam
ruangan yang lebih bersih)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Minimal terbagi atas tiga area, yaitu
area kotor (black area), intermediate area (grey area), dan area bersih (white
area)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tata
letak ruang hendaklah dikaji sejak tahap perencanaan konstruksi bangunan demi
keefektifan semua kegiatan, kelancaran arus kerja, komunikasi, dan pengawasan
serta untuk menghindari ketidakteraturan. Tata letak ruang dalam area produksi
yang harus dipenuhi antara lain : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Untuk
pengolahan produk yang mengandung bahan yang menimbulkan sensitisasi tinggi,
disediakan fasilitas tersendiri untuk masing-masing produk. Udara yang
dikeluarkan dari fasilitas itu dilewatkan atau melalui suatu sistem yang sesuai
sebelum dilepaskan ke atmosfer.</div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Luas
area kerja produksi minimal 2 kali luas yang diperlukan untuk penempatan
peralatan (termasuk wadah yang diperlukan untuk suatu kegiatan) ditambah luas
area untuk keperluan pembersihan dan perawatan mesin oleh operator produksi
dan/atau teknisi. </div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Permukaan lantai, dinding, langit-langit dan
pintu hendaklah : </div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Kedap air</div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Tidak terdapat sambungan untuk mengurangi
pelepasan atau pengumpulan partikel.</div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Tidak merupakan media pertumbuhan mikroba.</div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Mudah dibersihkan, serta tahan terhadap proses
pembersihan, bahan pembersih dan disinfektan yang digunakan berulangkali dengan
memperhatikan faktor kepadatan, porositas, tekstur, dan sifat elektrostatis</div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><a href="http://gmpcenter.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/stock-photo-clean-room-in-pharmaceutical-factory.jpg"><img align="left" alt="http://gmpcenter.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/stock-photo-clean-room-in-pharmaceutical-factory.jpg?w=139&h=104" border="0" height="208" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/Users/'/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_3" width="322" /></a><!--[endif]-->Area produksi hendaknya
memperhatikan beberapa hal, antara lain :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk memperkecil resiko bahaya
medis yang serius akibat terjadinya pencemaran silang, suatu sarana
khusus dan self-container hendaklah
disediakan untuk produksi obat tertentu seperti produk yang dapat menimbulkan
sensitif tinggi, produk lainya seperti antibiotik tertentu (missal penisilin).
Produk hormone seks, produk sitotoksik, produk tertentu dengan bahna aktif
berpotensi tinggi, produk biologi (misal: yang berasal dari mikroorganisme
hidup ) dan produk non-obat hendaklah diprodukdsi di bangunan terpisah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembuatan produk yang
diklasifikasikan sebagai racun seperti pestisida dan herbisida tidak boleh
dilakukan disarana produksi obat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tata-letak ruangan produksi
sebaiknya dirancang sedemikian rupa untuk :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memungkinkan kegiatan produksi
dilakukan di area yang saling berhubungan antara satu ruangan dengan
ruangan lain mengikuti urutan tahap produksi dan menurut kelas kebersihan
yang di persyaratkan.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mencegah kesesakan dan
ketidakteraturan dan<o:p></o:p></span></li>
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mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt;mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><a href="http://gmpcenter.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/air-purification-for-pharmaceutical-factory1.jpg"><img align="left" alt="http://gmpcenter.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/air-purification-for-pharmaceutical-factory1.jpg?w=150&h=110" border="0" height="241" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/Users/'/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4" width="331" /></a><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memungkinkan terlaksananya komunikasi dan pengawasan
yang efektif.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Luas area kerja dan area
penyimpanan bahan atau produk yang sedang dalam proses hendaklah memadai
untuk memungkinkan penempatan peralatan dan bahan secara teratur dan sesuai
dengan alur proses, sehingga dapat memperkecil resiko terjadi kekeliruan
antara produk obat atau komponen obat yang berbeda, mencegah pencemaran silang
dan memperkecil resiko terlewatnya atau salah melaksanakan tahapan proses
produksi atau pengawasan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Permukaan dinding, lantai dan
langit-langit bagian dalam ruangan dimana terdapat bahan baku dan bahan
pengemas primer, produk antara atau ruahan yamg terpapar ke lingkungan
hendaklah halus, bebas retak dan sambungan terbuka. Tidak melepaskan
praktikulat, serta memungkinkan pelaksanaan pembersihan (bila perlu disinfeksi)
yang mudah dan efektif.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konstruksi lantai di area pengolahan
hendaklah dibuat dari bahan kedap air permukaannya rata dan memungkinkan
pelaksanaan pembersihan yang cepat dan efisien apabila terjadi tumpahan bahan.
Sudut antara dinding dan lantai di area pengolahan hendaklah berbentuk
lengkungan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pipa, fiting lampu, titik fentilasi
dan instalasi sarana penunjang lain hendaklah dirancang sedemikian rupa untuk
menghindari terbentuknya ceruk yang sulit dibersihkan. Untuk kepentingan
perawatan sedapat mungkin instalasi sarana penujang seperti ini hendaklah dapat
di jangkau dari luar area pengolahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pipa
yang terpasang didalam ruangan tidak boleh menempel diding tetapi digantung
dengan menggunakan siku-siku pada jarak cukup untuk memudahkan pembersihan
menyeluruh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemasangan rangka atap, pipa dan
saluran udara di dalam hendaklah dihindari. Apabila tidak terhindarkan,
maka prosedur dan jadwal pembersihan instalasi tersebut hendaklah dibuat dan di
ikuti.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lubang udara masuk dan keluar serta
pipa-pipa dan salurannya hendaklah dipasang sedemikian rupa untuk mencegah
pencemaran terhadap produk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saluran pembuangan air hendaklah
cukup besar, dirancang dan dilengkapi dengan bak control serta ventilasi
yang baik maupun mencegah aliran balik sedapat mungkin saluran terbuka dicegah
tetapi bila perlu hendaklah cukup dangkal untuk memudahkan pembersihan dan
disinfeksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Area produksi hendaklah diventilasi
secara efektif dengan mengunakan sistem pengendalian udara termasuk filter
udara dengan tingkat efisiensi yang dapat mencegah pencemaran dan pencemaran
silang, pengendalian kelembaban udara sesuai kebutuhan produk yang
diproses dan kegiatan yang dilakukan di dalam ruangan dan dampaknya
terhadap lingkungan luar pabrik. Area produksi hendaklah dipantau secara
teratur baik selama ada maupun tidak ada kegiatan produksi untuk memastikan
pemenuhan terhadap spesifikasi yang dirancang sebelumnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Area dimana dilakukan kegiatan yang
menimbulkan debu misalnya pada saat pengambilan sempel, penimbangan bahan
/produk, pencampuran dan pengolahan bahan atau produk pengemasan produk serbuk,
memerlukan sarana penunjang khusus untuk mencegah pencemaran silang dan
memudahkan pembersihan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tata letak ruang area
pengemasan dirancang khusus untuk mencegah campur baur atau pencemaran silang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Area produksi hendaklah mendapat
penerangan yang memadai, terutama penerangan di mana pengawasan visual
dilakukan pada saat proses berjalan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengawasan selama proses dapat
dilakukan di dalam area produksi sepanjang kegiatan tersebut tidak menimbulkan
resiko terhadap produksi obat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level2 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pintu area produksi yang berhubungan
langsung ke lingkungan luar, separti pintu bahaya kebakaran, hendaklah ditutup rapat.
pintu tersebut hendaklah diamankan sedemikian rupa sehingga hanya dapat
digunakan dalam keadaan darurat sebagai pintu keluar. Pintu dalam area produksi
yang berfungsi sebagai barier terhadap pencemaran silang hendaklah selalu
ditutup apabila sedang tidak digunakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ruangan produksi
didesain sedemikian rupa sehingga mengurangi risiko terkontaminasi
mikroorganisme, partikel, atau kotoran.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahapan proses untuk mendapatkan ruangan
produksi steril bisa dilakukan dengan cara sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 22.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bersihkan lantai, dinding, dan
langit-langit dari debu dan kotoran. Hampir seluruh benda-benda yang di
sterilkan harus secara fisik bersih terlebih dahulu sebelum proses standar
sterilisasi dilakukan. Kontaminasi
mikroba pada dasarnya dapat dihilangkan melalui pembersihan dengan
menggunakan deterjen dan air atau dihancurkan dengan cara sterilisasi atau
desinfektisasi. Pembersihan yang dilanjutkan dengan pengeringan terhadap
permukaan hampir dapat dinyatakan efektif sebagaimana halnya jika menggunakan
desinfektan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bersihkan lantai, dinding, dan
langit-langit dengan cairan disinfektan hingga bebas mikroorganisme. Beberapa
disinfektan yang banyak digunakan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alcohol
: Etil atau Isopropil alcohol (60-90 %)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mekanisme
kerjanya denaturasi protein.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keuntungan
: daya bunuh cepat dengan sifat bakterisidal, tuberkulosidal, fungsidal, dan
virusidal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerugian
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlu waktu kontak minimum 5 menit untuk
mencapai tingkat desinfeksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak memiliki aktivitas residual<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mudah menguap dan terbakar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terinaktivasi oleh materi organic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak bersifat sporisidal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Halogen
: Chlorine (Na-hipoklorit)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mekanisme
kerjanya kemungkinan menginhibisi reaksi enzimatik dalam sel, denaturasi
protein, dan inaktivasi asam nukleat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keuntungan
: efektif terhadap mikroorganisme gram positif dan gram negative, tuberkulosidal,
fungsidal, dan virusidal dengan daya kerja yang cepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dosis
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">50
ppm dapat membunuh vegetatif vakteri dan virus HIV<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">200
ppm dapat membunuh virus-virus lain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">500
ppm dapat membunuh hepatitis B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1000
ppm dapat membunuh Mycrobacterium tuberculosis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerugian
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terinaktivasi oleh materi organic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Korosif terhadap alat dan wadah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak bersifat sporisidal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Glutaraldehid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
konsentarsi 2 %, pH 7,5-8,5 bertindak sebagai high level disinfectant (HLD)
yang berarti dapat menghancurkan semua mikroorganisme vegetative, basil TBC,
fungi, virus ukuran kecil dan non lipid, serta virus berukuran sedang kecuali
sejumlah tertentu spora bakteri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mekanisme
kerjanya adalah membunuh mikroorganisme melalui proses alkilasi protein.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keuntungan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat membunuh vegetative bakteri dalam
waktu 2 menit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bakterisidal, tuberkulosidal,
fungisidal, virusidal, dan sporisidal. Waktu yang dibutuhkan antara 10-30
menit, sedangkan proses sterilisasi perendaman butuh waktu sampai dengan 10 jam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerugian:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bau yang menyegat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat menyebabkan muntah-muntah bila
ventilasi ruangan buruk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsentrasi 0,2 ppm dapat menyebabkan
iritasi mata dan saluran pernafasan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat menguap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak mempunyai kemampuan membersihkan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hidrogen
peroksida<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
konsentrasi 6 % berfungsi sebagai high Level disinfectant (HLD)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mekanisme
kerjanya menyerang membran lipid mikroorganisme.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keuntungan
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bakterisidal, virusidal, tuberkulosidal,
fungsidal, dan sporisidal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerugian
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 92.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terpengaruh oleh perubahan pH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Formaldehid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsentrasi
8 % formaldehid + 70 % alcohol berfungsi sebagai HLD. Sebaliknya, konsentrasi
kurang dari 4 % berfungsi sebagai Low Level Disinfektan (LLD), yaitu:
disinfektan tidak memiliki daya bunuh terhadap spora bakteri, mikrobakterium,
semua fungi, serta semua virus ukuran kecil dan sedang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mekanisme
kerjanya menginaktivasi mikroorganisme melalui reaksi alkilasi terhadap gugus amino dan gugus
sulfhidril pada protein.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keuntungan
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 93.05pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bakterisidal, tuberkulosidal,
fungisidal, dan virusidal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 92.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sporisidal (8% formaldehid dalam 70 %
alcohol)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerugian
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terinaktivasi oleh materi organic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Potensial karsinogen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menimbulkan uap yang mengiritasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Korosif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fenol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mekanisme
kerjanya penetrasi terhadap dinding sel dan mengendapkan protein sel. Fenol
biasa digunakan untuk melakukan desinfeksi dinding, lantai, dan permukaan meja (permukaan
keras)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keuntungan
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spektrum luas, bakterisidal gram positif
dan negative, fungisidal, tuberkulosidal, dan virus lipofilik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Toleransi cukup baik terhadap beban
organic dan air sadah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempunyai aktivitas residual<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerugian
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak bersifat sporisidal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terinaktivasi oleh materi organik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Korosif terhadap karet dan sebagian plastic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Campuran
chlorhexidine dan cetrimide<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh
: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cairan
Hibicet dari SSL International plc Oldham, England <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komposisi
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Chlorhexidine
Gluconate 1,5% b/v, Cetrimide 15%b/v (masing-masing setara dengan 7,5% v/v
chlorhexidine gluconate solution Ph.Eur. 37,5% v/v strong cetrimide solution
B.P 40%)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemakaian
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Satu
bagian di dalam 100 bagian air; 10 ml + air hingga menjadi genap 1000 ml.
fungsinya sebagai pembersih dan antiseptik. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bersihkan udara dengan alat pengasapan
(fogging) yang mengandung cairan air borne disinfectants of surfaces<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh : Anios
Special DJP, Laboratories Anios.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komposisi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Formaldehyde,
Didecyldimethylammonium chloride, Dimethicone.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat membunuh mikroba : E. coli, Staphylococcus
aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus Faecalis dalam 4 ml/m3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sinari
ruangan dengan ultraviolet minimum selama 24 jam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
itu, ruangan ditutup dan dialiri udara yang telah bebas mikroorganisme,
sehingga didapatkan ruangan clean area untuk produksi steril.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Clean area mempunyai klasifikasi atau grade A, B, C,
dan D. Klasifikasi dibagi berdasarkan jumlah maksimum partikel dan jumlah
mikroba yang mengkontaminasinya per meter kubik udara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 41.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Grade<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 5.0in;" width="480"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah
maksimum partikel dan jumlah mikrobakteri per meter kubik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,5
µm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" width="126"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5
µm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.5pt;" width="222"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah
mikroorganisme<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3500<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" width="126"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.5pt;" width="222"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><
1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3500<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" width="126"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.5pt;" width="222"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">350000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" width="126"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.5pt;" width="222"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">D<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3500000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" width="126"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">20000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.5pt;" width="222"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">200<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Petugas yang akan bekerja di dalam ruangan produksi
steril harus mengganti baju dan membersihkan diri menggunakan cairan antiseptik
di dalam ruangan <i>clean changing area</i>
dan dibilas dengan udara steril, sehingga diharapkan petugas bebas dari kotoran
dan mikroorganisme.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Petugas yang akan bekerja di dalam ruangan produksi
steril saat masuk ke rumah changing area, harus mengganti baju dan sepatu serta
memakai topi dan kacamata steril yang telah tersedia. Setelah itu, dia baru
masuk ke ruangan clean filling room atau ruangan preparation area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Laminair airflow
merupakan tempat bekerja secara aseptic, untuk tes sterilitas, aseptic
dispensing, dan i.v. mixture (pencampuran obat suntik). Tekanan yang ada di
dalam ruangan laminair airflow dibuat menjadi tekanan negatif. Artinya, aliran
udara yang ada mengalir kembali kedalam ruangan laminair airflow.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab
kontaminasinya adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Udara yang masuk ke ruangan, baik dara
dai dalam maupun dari luar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil-hasil produksi yang ada di ruangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Oleh karena itu,
control kualitas diperlukan untuk :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Control
udara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan
menggunakan HEPA filter, bila berasap menggunakan smoke detector.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Temperature
dan humidity<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Target
temperature 20°C dan relative humidity 35-45% dengan tekanan positif.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Gb. 1. Teknik aseptik menggunakan laminair airflow<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Contoh denah ruangan steril<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stefanus Lukas. 2006. <i>Formulasi Steril</i>. Yogyakarta: Andi
offset.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anonim. 2006. <i>Lampiran Peraturan Kepala Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan RI tentang
Pedoman Cara Pembuatan Obat yang Baik</i>. Jakarta: RI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suciati Tri. <i>Layout dan Alur Kerja Laboratorium Steril</i>. Bandung: ITB (Online)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7529126109384346954.post-11732092920913003672013-01-21T18:07:00.000+08:002013-01-21T18:07:03.949+08:00Sediaan Steril (Pendahuluan)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Makalah teknologi dan formulasi sediaan steril....<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB
I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sediaan parental yang diberikan secara
penyuntikan intravena, subkutan, dan intramuscular merupakan rute pemberian
obat yang kritis jika dibandingkan dengan pemberian obat-obatan secara oral.
Semakin meningkatnya perkembangan ilmu bioteknologi telah meningkat pula jumlah
yang diproduksi secara bioteknologi seperti obat peptide dan atau produk gen.
pada abad mendatang (sekarang sudah mulai) beberapa obat peptide dan obat
lainnya akan dihasilkan menurut prinsip bioteknologi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penyuntikan yang diperlukan, baik
untuk respon terapeutik yang cepat maupun untuk obat yang tidak tersedia untuk rute non-injeksi.
Penggunaan awal sediaan parental menimbulkan banyak masalah dan berkembang
relative lambat. Padahal Pasteur dan Lister telah mengetahui pentingnya melakukan
sterilisasi untuk mengeliminasi mikroorganisme pathogen sejak tahun 1860-an. Tetapi,
teknologi sterilisasi tidak berkembang secara signifikan. Sebagai contoh,
autoklaf sudah ditemukan sejak tahun 1884, filtrasi membrane pada tahun 1918,
etilenoksida pada tahun 1944, penyaring udara berefisiensi tinggi ( HEPA, high
effiency particulate air ) pada tahun 1952, dan sungkup aliran udara laminar (
LAF ) pada tahun 1961.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Peningkatan suhu tubuh dan dingin
menggigil pada pasien yang menerima penyuntikan obat sudah teramati sejak tahun
1911, dan pada tahun 1923 diketahui penyebabnya yaitu pirogen yang dihasilkan
bakteri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Produksi injeksi mempunyai beberapa
karakteristik khusus, seperti :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aman secara toksikologi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">tetapi beberapa bahan tambahan formulasi
tidak cukup aman jika diberikan dengan cara penyuntikan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Steril</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">bebas dari kontaminasi bahan pirogen (
termasuk endotoksin )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">bebas dari partikel partikulat asing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Stabil</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">tidak hanya secara fisika dan kimia
tetapi juga secara mikrobiologi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">dapat dicampur (kompatibel) dengan obat
lain jika diberikan dalam bentuk campuran (admikur) untuk pemberian obat secara
intravena (jika diindikasikan dan diperlukan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Isotonis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Setiap
karakteristik menimbulkan tantangan unik selama proses pengembangan,
manufaktur, pengujian, dan penggunaan sediaan steril ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Adapun
beberapa tantangan yang akan muncul di antaranya sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tantangan
umum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Petimbangan
keamanan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tantangan
mikroba dan kontaminasi lain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tantangan
stabilitas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tantangan
kelarutan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tantangan
kemasan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tantangan
manufacturing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tantangan
pemberian injeksi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Permasalahan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Apa
yang dimaksud dengan sterilisasi ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bagaimana
bentuk dan jenis sediaan steril ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Factor-faktor
apa saja yang akan mempengaruhi sediaan steril ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Apa
syarat-syarat pembuatan sediaan steril ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bagaimana
rute/jalannya pemberian sediaan steril berdasarkan tempat pemberiaannya ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intravena
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Subkutis
(Subkutan) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intramuskuler <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo32; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">intrathekal-intraspinal <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo32; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intraperitoneal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo32; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intradermal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo32; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intratekal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bagaimana
proses sterilisasi sediaan steril ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.3
Tujuan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk
mengetahui definisi sterilisasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk
mengetahui bentuk dan jenis sediaan steril.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk
mengetahui factor-faktor yang akan
mempengaruhi sediaan steril.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk
mengetahui syarat-syarat pembuatan sediaan steril.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk
mengetahui rute/jalannya pemberian sediaan steril berdasarkan tempat
pemberiaannya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo32; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intravena
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo32; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Subkutis
(Subkutan) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo32; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intramuskuler <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo32; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">intrathekal-intraspinal <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo32; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intraperitoneal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo32; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intradermal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo32; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intratekal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk
mengetahui proses sterilisasi sediaan
steril.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB
II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.1
Pengertian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sterilisasi adalah proses yang
dirancang untuk menciptakan keadaan steril. Secara tradisional keadaan steril
adalah kondisi mutlak yang tercipta sebagai akibat penghancuran dan
penghilangan semua mikroorganisme hidup. Konsep ini menyatakan bahwa steril adalah
istilah yang mempunyai kondisi konotasi relatif, dan kemungkinan menciptakan
kondisi mutlak bebas dari mikrorganisme hanya dapat diduga atas dapat proyeksi
kinetis angka kematian mikroba.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Produk
steril adalah sediaan terapetis dalam bentuk terbagi-bagi yang bebas dari
mikroorganisme hidup. Sediaan parenteral ini merupakan sediaan yang unik
diantara bentuk obat terbagi-bagi, karena sediaan ini disuntikkan melalui kulit
atau membran mukosa kebagian dalam tubuh. Karena sediaan mengelakkan garis
pertahanan pertama dari tubuh yang paling efisien, yakni membran kulit dan
mukosa, sediaan tersebut harus bebas dari kontaminasi mikroba dan dari komponen
toksik dan harus mempunyai tingkat kemurniaan tinggi dan luar biasa. Semua
komponen dan proses yang terlibat dalam penyediaan produk ini harus dipilih dan
dirancang untuk menghilangkan semua jenis kontaminasi secara fisik, kimia atau
mikrobiologi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;">Produk
steril termasuk sediaan parentral, mata dan irigasi. Preparat parental bisa
diberikan dengan berbagai rute. Lima yang paling umum adalah intravena,
intramuskular, subkutan, intrakutan dan intraspinal. Pada umumnya pemberian
secara parenteral dilakukan bila diinginkan kerja obat yang lebih cepat,
seperti pada keadaan gawat, bila penderita tidak dapat diajak bekerjasama
dengan baik, tidak sadar, tidak dapat atau tidak tahan menerima pengobatan
secara oral atau bila obat tersebut tidak efektif dengan cara pemberian yang
lain. Injeksi diracik dengan melarutkan, mengemulsikan, atau mensuspensikan
sejumlah obat ke dalam sejumlah pelarut, atau dengan mengisikan sejumlah obat
ke dalam wadah dosis tunggal atau wadah dosis ganda.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
Sediaan steril
dapat berwujud:</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Padat
steril : merupakan obat untuk injeksi, yaitu obat kering yang disuspensikan
bila akan digunakan. Contoh: sodium ampisilin. Karena ampisilin tidak stabil
dalam cairan, maka dibuat padat. Cara pembuatannya yaitu dengaa liofilisasi
pada suhu rendah dengan pengeringan steril, kemudian didinginkan sampai -60<sup>o</sup>C
untuk pembekuan. Selanutnya dilakukan sublimasi (dengan pengurangan tekanan
secra bertahap), cairan menguap, sodium ampisilin padat tertinggal.</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Semi
padat, misal salep mata.</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Cair,
misal injeksi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kualitas sediaan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Terapi,
meliputi:</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Dosis efektif obat. Obat dibuat dalam dosiss
yang disesuaikan dengan dosis terapi efektif obat tersebut.</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Lama penggunaan obat. Hal ni juga berpengaruh
pada penentuan bentuk sediaan obat yang akan dibuat dan besarnya dosis obat,
sehingga pasien tetap merasa nyaman selama terapi.</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Farmakokinetka
obat. Meliputi waktu paruh, absorpsi, t ½ eliminasi, Vd, Cl, dan lain-lain.</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Sifat
fisika-kimia meliputi:</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Ukuran partikel</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Sifat alir</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Kompaktibilitas</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Ketahanan terhadap kelembapan</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
Sifat fisika
kimia inilah yang menetukan formulasi dan pemilihan metode pembuatan sediaan obat.</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2 Syarat Sediaan Steril<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Efikasi
mencakup kemanjuran suatu obat yang dalam terapi termasuk efektivitas obat
dalam terapi.</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><em>Safety</em>
: keamanan ini antara lain meliputi: eamanan dosis obat dalam terapi,
memberikan efek terapi sesuai dengan yang diinginkan dan tidak memberikan efek
toksik atau efek samping yang tidak diinginkan.</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><em>Aceeptable</em>
: maksudnya disukai oleh pasien. Jadi obat perlu dibuat sedemikian menarik dan
mudah dipakai konsumen.</div>
<ol start="4" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sediaan obat harus
jernih. Jernih maksudnya tidak ada partikel yang tidak larut dalam sediaan
tersebut. Jadi, meskipun sediaan berearna, tetap terlihat jernih (tidak
keruh).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tidak berwarna.
Maksudnya sediaan larutan bisa saja berwarna, namun warna larutan sama
dengan warna zat aktifnya sehingga tidak ada campuran warna lain dalam
sediaan itu.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bebas dari
partikel asing. Partikel asing; partikel yang bukan penyusun obat. Sumber
partikel bisa berasal dari: air, bahan kimia, personil yang bekerja,
seratr dari alat/pakaian personil, alat-alat, lingkungan, pengemas (gelas,
plastik).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keseragaman
volume/berat. Terutama untuk sediaan solid steril.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Memenuhi uji
kebocoran. Terutama untuk injeksi yang dikemas dalam ampul. Uji kebocoran
dapat dilakukan dengan:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Uji dengan larutan warna (<em>dye bath
test</em>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Metode penarikan vakum ganda (<em>the
double vacuum pull method</em>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Stabil.
Artinya sediaan tidak mengalami degradasi fisika. Misal jika bentuk sediaan
larutan maka sediaan tersebut tetap berada dalam bentuk larutan (bukan
suspensi). Sifat stabil ini berkaitan dengan formulasi. Ketidakstabilan dapat
dilihat dari:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 75.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terjadi perubahan warna. Contoh: larutan
adrenalin yang awalnya berwarna jernih karena teroksidasi akan menjadi merah
karena terbentuk adenokrom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 75.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terjadi pengendapan. Contoh: injeksi
aminophilin dibuat dengan air bebas CO<sub>2</sub>, karena jika tidak bebas CO<sub>2</sub>
maka akan terbewntuk theopilin yang kelarutannya kecil dalam air sehingga
kanmengendap. Akibatnya dosis menjadi berkurang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.Persyaratan
dalam larutan injeksi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerja optimal dan sifat tersatukan
dari larutan obat yang diberikan secara parenteral hanya akan diperoleh jika persyaratan
berikut terpenuhi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sesuainya kandungan bahan obat yang
dinyatakan di dalam etiket dan yang ada dalam sediaan, tidak terjadi penggunaan
efek selama penyimpanan akibat perusakan obat secara kimia dan sebagainya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penggunaan wadah yang cocok, yang
tidak hanya memungkinkan sediaan tetap steril tetapi juga mencegah terjadinya
antaraksi antarbahan obat dan material dinding wadah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tersatukan tanpa terjadinya reaksi.
Untuk beberapa faktor yang paling menentukan: bebas kuman, bebas pirogen, bebas
pelarut yang secara fisiologis, isotonis , isohidris, bebas bahan melayang.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;">2.2 Rute Pemberian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intravena</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merupakan
larutan yang dapat mengandung cairan yang tidak menimbulkan iritasi yang dapat
bercampur dengan air, volume 1 ml sampai 10 ml. Larutan ini biasanya isotonis
dan hipertonis. Bila larutan hipertonis maka disuntikkan perlahan-lahan.
Larutan injeksi intravena harus jernih betul, bebas dari endapan atau partikel
padat, karena dapat menyumbat kapiler dan menyebabkan kematian. Penggunaan
injeksi intravena tidak boleh mengandung bakterisida dan jika lebih dari 10 ml
harus bebas pirogen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemberian
obat intramuscular menghasilkan efek obat yang kurang cepat, tetapi biasanya
efek berlangsung lebih lama dari yang dihasilkan oleh pemerian lewat IV.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syarat
pemerian obat secara IM :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dapat
berupa larutan, air, minyak, atau suspensi. Biasanya dalam bentuk air lebih
cepat diabsorbsi dari pada bentuk suspensi dan minyak.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dilakukan
dengan cara memasukkan ke dalam otot rangka</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tempat
penyuntikan sebaiknya sejauh mungkin dari syaraf- syaraf utama dan pembuluh-pembuluh
darah utama.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
orang dewasa, tempat yang paling sering digunakan utnuk suntik IM, adalah
seperempat bagian atas luar otot gluteus max. pada bayi, daerah glutel sempit
dan komponen utama adalah lemak, Bukan otot</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tempat
suntikan lebih baik dibagian atas atau bawah deltoid, karena lebih jauh dari
syaraf radial.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Volume
yang umum diberikan IM, sebaiknya dibatasi maximal 5 mili, bila disuntuikan
didaerah glutel dan 2 ml bila di deltoid.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa
contoh Injeksi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Injeksi
Antibiotik untuk Meningitis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meningitis
merupakan peradangan meningen biasanya disebabkan bakteri atau virus.Bakteri
yang dapat menimbulkan penyakit ini adalah antara lain : Haemophilus
influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. Sedangkan virus yang dapat menyebabkan meningitis antara lain:
virus coxsackie, virus gondongan dan virus koriomeningitis limfositik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ampisilin
merupakan salah satu antibiotik yang dapat digunakan untuk mengobati
meningitis. Penggunaanya biasa dikombinasi dengan sulbaktam untuk meningkatkan
aktivitas nya. Dosis lazim yang digunakan adalah: 1,5 gr – 3gr kombinasi antara
ampisilin dengan sulbaktam dengan perbandingan 2:1. berdasarkan literatur 375
mg kombinasi tersebut larut dalam 1 ml air. Sehingga bentuk sediaan yang
dipakai adalah ampul rekonstitusi karena ampisilin tidak stabil pada air pada
waktu yang lama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Injeksi
Antibiotik Golongan Beta Laktam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suspensi
kering adalah sediaan khusus dengan preparat berbentuk serbuk kering yang baru
dirubah menjadi suspensi dengan penambahan airr sesaat sebelum digunakan.<br />
Kebanyakan dari obat-obat yang dibuat dari campuran kering untuk suspensi oral
adalah obat-obat anatibiotik karena obat-obat seperti antibiotik tidak stabil
untuk disimpan dalam periode tertentu dengan adanya cairan pembawa air maka
lebih sering diberikan sebagai campuran serbuk keringuntuk dibuat suspensi pada
waktu pada waktu akan diberikan. Alasan pembuatan suspensi kering salah satunya
adalah karena obat-obat tertentu tidak stabil secara kimia bila ada dalam larutan
tapi stabil bila disuspensi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suspensi
kering dibuat dengan granulasi maupun tanpa granukasi. Granulasi adalah suatu
metode yang memperbesar ukuran partikel serbuk guna memperbaiki sifat alir
serbuk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persyaratan
pada sebuah granulat sebaiknya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
bentuk dan warana yang sedapat mungkin teratur</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memiliki
sifat alir yang baik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak
terlalu kering</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hancur
baik dalam air</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menunjukkan
kekompakan mekanis yang memuaskan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Injeksi
Oxytocin (Intramuskular)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oksitosin
(ŏk'sĭ-tō'sĭn) (bahasa Yunani: "kelahiran cepat") adalah hormon pada
manusia yang berfungsi untuk merangsang kontraksi yang kuat pada dinding
rahim/uterus sehingga mempermudah dalam membantu proses kelahiran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Injeksi
oksitosin adalah larutan steril dalam pelarut yang sesuai, bahan yang
mengandung hormon polipeptida yang mempunyai sifat yang menyebabkan kontraksi
otot rahim, otot vaskular, dan otot halus lain, yang dibuat dengan sintesis
atau diperoleh dari globus posterior kelenjar pituitaria hewan peliharaan sehat
yang biasa dimakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Injeksi
Vitamin C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vitamin
C tidak boleh diberikan secara oral kepada pasien dalam kondisi tertentu
seperti pasien penderita maag. Namun pada keaadaan defisiensi vitamin C pasien
tersebut harus segera diberikan suplemen vitamin C. Oleh sebab itu vitamin c
dibuat dalam bentuk sediaan injeksi. Injeksi intravena vitamin C dapat
menyebabkan pusing dan pingsan, oleh sebab itu vitamin C dibuat dalam bentuk
injeksi intra muscular, walaupun pemmberian secara IM akan meninggalkan rasa
sakit ditempat suntikan. Pemerian obat IM memberikan efek obat yang kurang
tepat, tetapi biasanya efek berlangsung lebih lama dari yang dihasilkan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Injeksi intra</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DE;">vena memberikan beberapa keuntungan :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Efek
terapi lebih cepat didapat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Dapat
memastikan obat sampai pada tempat yang diinginkan .</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Cocok
untuk keadaan darurat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Untuk
obat-obat yang rusak oleh cairan lambung.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemberian Subkutis (Subkutan)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lapisan
ini letaknya persis dibawah kulit, yaitu lapisan lemak (lipoid) yang dapat
digunakan untuk pemberian obat antara lain vaksin, insulin, skopolamin, dan
epinefrin atau obat lainnya. Injeksi subkutis biasanya diberikan dengan volume
samapi 2 ml (PTM membatasi tak boleh lebih dari 1 ml) jarum suntik yang
digunakan yang panjangnya samapi ½ sampai 1 inci (1 inchi = 2,35 cm)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara
formulasinya harus hati-hati untuk meyakinkan bahwa sediaan (produk) mendekati
kondisi faal dalam hal pH dan isotonis. FN (1978) mensyaratkan larutannya
isotoni dan dapat ditambahkan bahan vasokontriktor seperti Epinefrin untuk
molekulisasi obat (efek obat)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara
pemberian subkutis lebih lambat apabila dibandingkan cara intramuskuler atau
intravena. Namun apabila cara intravena volume besar tidak dimungkinkan cara
ini seringkali digunakan untuk pemberian elektrolit atau larutan infuse i.v
sejenisnya. </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara ini disebut hipodermoklisis, dalam hal ini vena
sulit ditemukan. Karena pasti terjadi iritasi maka pemberiannya harus
hati-hati. Cara ini dpata dimanfaatkan untuk pemberian dalam jumlah 250 ml
sampai 1 liter.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemberian Intramuskuler <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intramuskuler artinya diantara jaringan
otot. Cara ini keceparan absorbsinya terhitung nomor 2 sesudah intravena. Jarum
suntik ditusukkan langsung pada serabut otot yang letaknya dibawah lapisan
subkutis. Penyuntikan dapat di pinggul, lengan bagian atas. Volume injeksi 1
samapi 3 ml dengan batas sampai 10 ml (PTM—volume injeksi tetap dijaga kecil,
biasanya tidak lebih dari 2 ml, jarum suntik digunakan 1 samai 1 ½ inci.
Problem klinik yang biasa terjadi adalah kerusakan otot atau syaraf, terutama
apabila ada kesalahan dalam teknik pemberian (ini penting bagi praktisi yang
berhak menyuntik). Yang perlu diperhatikan bagi Farmasis anatara lain bentuk
sediaan yang dapat diberikan intramuskuler, yaitu bentuk larutan emulsi tipe
m/a atau a/m, suspensi dalam minyak atau suspensi baru dari puder steril.
Pemberian intramuskuler memberikan efek “depot” (lepas lambat), puncak
konsentrasi dalam darah dicapai setelah 1-2 jam. Faktor yang mempengaruhi
pelepasan obat dari jaringan otot (im) anatar lain : rheologi produk,
konsentrasi dan ukuran partikel obat dalam pembawa, bahan pembawa, volume
injeksi, tonisitas produk dan bentuk fisik dari produk. Persyaratan pH
sebaiknya diperhatikan, karena masalah iritasi, tetapi dapat dibuat pH antara
3-5 kalau bentuk suspensi ukuran partikel kurang <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemberian intrathekal-intraspinal </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyuntikan
langsung ke dalam cairan serebrospinal pada beberapa temapt. Cara ini berbeda
dengan cara spinal anastesi. Kedua pemberian ini mensyaratkan sediaan dengan
kemurniaannya yang sangat tinggi, karena dearah ini ada barier (sawar) darah
sehingga daerahnya tertutup.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sediaan intraspinal anastesi
biasanya dibuat hiperbarik yaitu cairannya mempunyai tekanan barik lebih tinggi
dari tekanan barometer. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cairan sediaan akan bergerak turun
karena gravitasi, oleh sebab itu harus pada posisi pasien tegak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intraperitoneal<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyuntikan
langsung ke dalam rongga perut, dimana obat secara cepat diabsorbsi. Sediaan
intraperitoneal dapat juga diberikan secara intraspinal, im,sc, dan intradermal<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intradermal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara
penyuntikan melalui lapisan kulit superficial, tetapi volume pemberian lebih
kecil dan sc, absorbsinya sangat lambat sehingga onset yang dapat dicapai
sangat lambat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intratekal<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digunakan
khusus untuk bahan obat yang akan berefek pada cairan serebrospinal. Digunakan
untuk infeksi ssp seperti meningitis, juga untuk anestesi spinal. Intratekal
umumnya diinjeksikan secara langsung pada lumbar spinal atau ventrikel sehingga
sediaan dapat berpenetrasi masuk ke dalam daerah yang berkenaan langsung pada
SSP.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.2
Wadah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;">2.2.1 Vial<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ES-MX" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;">Vial
adalah salah satu wadah dari bentuk sediaan steril yang umumnya digunakan pada
dosis ganda dan memiliki kapasitas atau volume 0,5-100 ml. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Vial dapat berupa takaran tunggal atau ganda. Digunakan
untuk mewadahi serbuk bahan obat, larutan atau suspensi dengan volume sebanyak
5 mL atau lebih besar. Bila diperdagangan, botol ini ditutup dengan sejenis
logam yang dapat dirobek atau ditembus oleh jarum injeksi untuk menghisap
cairan injeksi. (R. Voight hal 464). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Hal yang perlu
diperhatikan untuk sediaan injeksi dalam wadah vial (takaran ganda):</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: DE;">1. Perlu pengawet karena digunakan berulang kali sehingga
kemungkinan adanya kontak dengan lingkungan luar yang ada mikroorganismenya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.
Tidak perlu isotonis, kecuali untuk subkutan dan intravena harus dihitung
isotonis (0,6% – 0,2%) (FI IV hal. 13)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.
Perlu dapar sesuai pH stabilitasnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.
Zat pengawet (FI IV hal 17) keculai dinyatakan lain, adalah zat pengawet yang
cocok yang dapat ditambahkan ke dalam injeksi yang diisikan dalam wadah
ganda/injeksi yang dibuat secara aseptik, dan untuk zat yang mepunyai
bakterisida tidak perlu ditambahkan pengawet.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.2.2
Ampul<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ampul adalah wadah berbentuk silindris yang
terbuat dari gelas yang memiliki ujung runcing (leher) dan bidang dasar datar.
Ukuran nominalnya adalah 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 kadang-kadang juga 25 atau 30 ml.
Ampul adalah wadah takaran tunggal, oleh karena total jumlah cairannya
ditentukan pemakaian dalam satu kali pemakaiannya untuk satu kali injeksi.
Menurut peraturan ampul dibuat dari gelas tidak berwarna, akan tetapi untuk
bahan obat peka cahaya dapat dibuat dari bahan gelas berwarna coklat tua. Ampul
gelas berleher dua ini sangat berkembang pesat sebagai ampul <b>minum untuk pemakaian peroralia<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">Ampul merupakan wadah takaran tunggal sehingga
penggunaannya untuk satu kali injeksi. Ampul dibuat dari bahan gelas tidak
berwarna akan tetapi untuk bahan obat yang peka terhadap cahaya, dapat
digunakan ampul yang terbuat dari bahan gelas berwarna coklat tua.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"> </span></h2>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.3
Cara Pembuatan Obat yang Baik (CPOB) untuk Sediaan Steril<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Prinsip dari CPOB adalah memperkecil
pencemaran mikroba, partikulat, dan pirogen. Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Keberadaan
ruang penyangga untuk personil dan /atau peralatan dan bahan</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Pembuatan produk dan proses pengisian dilakukan
pada ruangan terpisah</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Kondisi “operasional dan non operasional”
hendaklah ditetapkan untuk tiap ruang bersih.</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
4 kelas kebersihan pada
pembuatan produk steril:</div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l24 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelas
A. Untuk kegiatan yang berisiko tinggi, misalnya pengisian wadah tutup
karet, ampul, dan vial terbuka, penyambungan secara aseptik. Umumnya
kondisi ini dicapai dengan memasang unit aliran udara laminar (laminar air
flow) dengan kecpatan 0,36-0,54 m/detik. Contoh kegiatan: pembuatan dan
pengisian aseptik<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l24 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelas
B. Untuk pembuatan dan pengisian secara aseptik, kelas ini adalah lingkungan
latar belakang untuk zona kelas A<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l24 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelas
C .Untuk melakukan tahap pembuatan produk steril dengan tingkat risiko
lebih rendah.Contoh kegiatan: Pembuatan larutan<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l24 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelas
D. Untuk melakukan tahap pembuatan produk steril dengan tingkat risiko
lebih rendah. Contoh kegiatan: penanganan komponen setelah pencucian<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.4
Sterilisasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sterilisasi adalah menghilangkan
semua bentuk kehidupan, baik bentuk patogen, nonpatogen, vegetative,
nonvegetativ dari suatu objek atau material.. Suatu bahan dinyatakan steril
bila sama sekali bebas dari mikroorganisme hidup yang patogen maupun yang
tidak, baik dalam bentuk vegetatip maupun dalam bentuk tidak vegetatip (spora).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada 3 alasan utama untuk melakukan sterilisasi dan
desinfeksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk
mencegah transmisi penyakit<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk
mencegah pembusukan material oleh mikroorganisme<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk
mencegah kompetisi nutrien dalam media pertumbuhan sehingga memungkinkan
kultur organisme spesifik berbiak untuk keperluan sendiri (seperti
produksi ragi) atau untuk metabolitnya (seperti untuk memproduksi minuman
dan antibiotika).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lima metode yang umum digunakan untuk mensterilkan produk
farmasi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo21; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sterilisasi uap (lembab panas)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sterilisasi uap dilakukan dalam
autoklaf dan menggunakan uap air dengan tekanan. Cara ini dilakukan sebagai
cara yang terpillih pada hampir semua keadaan di mana produk mampu diperlakukan
seperti itu.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tekanan uap air
yang lazim, temperatur yang dapat dicapai dengan tekanan tersebut, dan
penetapan waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk sterilisasi sesudah sistem mencapai
temperatur yang ditentukan, adalah sebagai berikut :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tekanan 10 pound (115,5<sup>o</sup>C), untuk 30
menit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tekanan 15 pound (121,5<sup>o</sup>C), untuk 20
menit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tekanan 20 pound (126,5<sup>o</sup>C), untuk 15
menit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dapat dilihat, makin besar tekanan yang
dipergunakan makin tinggi temperatur yang dicapa dan makin pendek waktu yang
diutuhkan untuk sterilisasi. Suatu siklus otoklaf yang ditetapkan dalam
farmakope untuk media atau pereaksi adalah selama 15 menit pada suhu 121<sup>o</sup>C
kecuali dinyatakan lain. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mekanisme penghancuran bakteri oleh uap
air panas adalah kerena terjadinya denaturasi dan koagulasi beberapa protein
esensial organisme tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada umumnya metode sterilisasi ini digunakan untuk
sediaan farmasi dan bahan – bahan yang dapat tahan terhadap temperatur
yang dipergunakan dan penembusan uap air, tetapi tidak timbul efek yang
tidak dikehendaki akibat uap air tersebut.metode ini juga dipergunakan
untuk larutan dalam jumlah besar, alat – alat gelas, pembalut operasi dan
instrumen. Tidak digunakan untuk mensterilkan minyak – minyak, minyak
lemak, dan sediaan – sediaan lain yang tidak dapat ditembus oleh uap air
atau pensterilan serbuk terbuka yang mungkin rusak oleh uap air jenuh.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sterilisasi
panas kering: </span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sterilisasi
panas kering biasanya dilakukan dengan oven pensteril yang dirancang khusus
untuk tujuan itu. Sterilisasi panas kering, biasanya ditetapkan pada temperatur
160<sup>o</sup> – 170<sup>o</sup>C dengan waktu tidak kurang dari 2 jam. Rentang
suhu khas yang dapat diterima di dalam bejan sterilisasi kosong adalah lebih
kurang 15<sup>o</sup>C, jika alat strilisasi beroperasi pada suhu tidak kurang
dari 250<sup>o</sup>C. (Anonim, 1995).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sterilisasi
panas kering umumnya digunakan untuk senyawa – senyawa yang tidak efektif
disterilkan dengan uap air panas. Senyawa – senyawa tersebut meliputi minyak
lemak, gliserin, berbagai produk minyak tanah seperti petrolatum, petrolatum
cair (minyak mineral), paraffin dan berbagai serbuk yang stabil oleh pemanasan
seperti ZnO.(Ansel, 1989).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="3" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sterilisasi dengan penyaringan<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sterilisasi
dengan penyaringan tergantung pada penghilangan mikroba secara fisik dengan
adsorbsi pada media penyaring atau dengan makanisme penyaringan, digunakan
untuk sterilisasi larutan yang tidak tahan panas. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyaringan – penyaringan yang ada
meliputi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyaring berbentuk tabung reaksi disebut sebagai
”lilin penyaring” yang dibuat dari tanah infusoria yang dikempa (penyaring
Berkefeld dan Mandler).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lilin penyaring dibuat dari porselen yang tidak
dilapisi (penyaring Pasteur Chamberland, Doulton, dan Selas).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Piringan asbes yang dikempa dipasang ditempat khusus
dalam peralatan saringan (penyaring Seitz dan Swinney).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">GelasBuchner-jenis corong dengan pegangan gelas yang
menjadi satu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ukuran
penyaring.</span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Pengukuran porositas membran penyaring dilakukan dengan
pengukuran nominal yang menggambarkan kemampuan membran penyaring untuk menahan
mikroba dari galur tertentu dengan ukuran yang sesuai, bukan dengan penetapan
suatu ukuran rata – rata pori dan pernyataan tentang distribusi ukuran.
(Anonim, 1995).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="4" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sterilisasi gas<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa
senyawa yang tidak tahan terhadap panas dan uap dapat disterilkan dengan baik
dengan memaparkan gas etilen oksida tau propilen oksida bila dibandingkan
dengan cara – cara lain. Keburukan dari etilen oksida adalah sifatnya yang sangat
mudah terbakar, walaupun sudah dicampur dengan gas inert yang sesuai, bersifat
mutagenik, dan kemungkinan adanya residu toksik di dalam bahan yang
disterilkan, terutama yang mengandung ion klorida. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="5" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sterilisasi dengan radiasi
pengionan<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teknik – teknik
yang disediakan untuk sterilisasi beberapa jenis sediaan – sediaan farmasi
dengan sinar gama dan sinar – sinar katoda, tetap penggunaan tehnik – tehnik
ini terbatas karena memerlukan peralatan yang sangat khusus dan pengaruh –
pengaruh radiasi pada produk – produk dan wadah – wadah.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keunggulan
sterilisasi iradiasi meliputi reaktivitas kimia rendah, residu rendah yang
dapat diukur, dan kenyataan yang membuktikan bahwa variabel yang dikendalikan
lebih sedikit. Ada 2 jenis radiasi ion yang digunakan, yaitu disintegrasi
radioaktif dari radioisotop (radiasi gamma) dan radiasi berkas elektron.
(Anonim, 1995).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.3.1 Proses aseptik</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak termasuk
salah satu cara penyeterilan secara mutlak, merupakan cara penanganan bahan
steril dengan tehnik yang dapat memperkecil kemungkinan terjadinya cemaran
bakteri ( kontaminsi bakteri ) hingga seminimum mungkin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persyaratan
untuk fasilitas pengisian atau proses aseptik lainnya yang didesain, divalidasi
dan dipelihara dengan benar, terutama ditunjukan pada :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lingkungan udaran yang bebas dari mikroba viabel
yang dirancang dengan benar untuk memungkinkan pemeliharaan yang efektif
dari unit alat pemasok udara.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tersedianya tenaga pekerja terlatih, yang dilengkapi
dan mengenakan pakaian kerja yang memadai.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<strong>2.3.2 Metode Sterilisasi</strong></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
Sumber
pencemaran produk adalah </div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Manusia</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Bahan
awal. Untuk masuk ruangan steril harus dibungkus rangkap tiga:</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Lapisan 1 (terluar): dilepas sebelum masuk
ruangan penyangga</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Lapisan 2: dilepas diruang penyangga</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Lapisan 3: masuk ruangan steril</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Produk sendiri (pencemaran sendiri). Untuk kontrol
kebersihan, kotoran maksimal 10 ppm.</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Air di pabrik</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Udara atau lingkungan pabrik</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Makanan dan minuman</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Sisa bahan pembersih</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Limbah pabrik (harus diproses dengan baik)</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Instalasi pembuangan</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Serangga
dan hewan lain (pengerat), atau hewan percobaan.</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Macam
limbah: cair, padat, cair semipadat, suara dalam desibel, gas. Limbah lain
dapat diproses dulu seperti beta-laktam, sepalosporin baru boleh dicampur bahan
lain. Di gudang dipasang alat penangkap serangga dan tikus.</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->12.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Bila
suatu mesin akan digunkan untuk proses suatu zat,mak mesin harus dibilas dulu
dan bilasan terakhir tidak boleh mengandung lebih dari 10 ppm zat sebelumnya.</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->13.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pengecekan
limbah:</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Fisika: diaduk, pengenapan, dilihat kejernihan</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Kimia. Parameter: Biologycal Oxygen Demand
(BOD0, Chemical Oxygen Deand (COD, dan Dissolve Oxygen (DO).</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Biologi: dengan ikan mas, jika tidak ada yang
mati berate kotoran inimal. Ikan mas digunakan karena ikan mas sensitif
terhadap air kotor.</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->14.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Uji
sterilitas : Ada beberapa metode:</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><em>Direct inoculation of culture medium</em> : Meliputi
pengujian langsung dari sampel dalam media pertumbuhan. Menurut British
Farmakope: media tioglikolat cair yang mengandung glukosa dan Na Tioglikolat
cocok untuk pembiakan aerob. Suhu inkubasi 30-35<sup>o</sup>C.</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><em> Soya
bean casein digest medium</em> : Media ini membantu pertumbuhan bakteri anaerob
dan fungsi. Suhu inkubasi 30-35<sup>o</sup>C, sedang fungi 20-25<sup>o</sup>C.</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Membran filtrasi: Teknik yang banyak
direkomendasikan farmakope, meliputi filtrasi cairan melalui membran steril.
Filter lalu ditanam dalam media. Masa inkubasi 7-14 hari karena mungkin
organisme perlu adaptasi dulu.</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Introduction od concentrate culture medium: Medium
yang pekat langsung dimasukkan dalam wadah sampel yang akan ditumbuhkan. Tidak
banyak digunakan, hanya dipakai bila ada kecurigaan akan adanya bakteri.</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->15.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Uji
pirogen</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Secara kualitatif: Rabbit test : Berdasarkan
respon demam pada kelinci. Digunakan kelinci karena kelinci menunjukkan respon
terhadap pirogen sesuai dengan keadaan manusia. Kenaikan suhu diukur
melalui rektal.</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Secara kuantitatif: LAL test: Cara uji in vitro
dengan menggunakan sifat membentuk gel dari lisat amebasit dari limulus
polifemus. Uji ini 5-10 kali lebih sensitif dari Rabbit test.</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->16.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Kondisi
LAL-test:</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
a. pH larutan
6-7</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
b. suhu 37<sup>o</sup>C</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
c. kontrol
negatif: aquadest (pelarut)</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
d. kontrol
positif (pirogen/endotoksin)</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
e. keuntungan:
cepat, mudah, praktis</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.4 Pembuatan Sediaan Steril<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambaran
umum pembuatan sediaan steril ada 2 macam, yaitu :</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.
A<i>septic processing</i></span></b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:<span class="apple-style-span"><i> </i>Pada pembuatannya, setiap proses dari awal
persiapan hingga sudah dikemas selalu dilakukan secara aseptik, sehingga hasil
yang diperoleh steril</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.
T<i>erminal sterilization</i></span></b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: <span class="apple-style-span">pada pembuatannya tidak terlalu aseptik seperti aseptic
processing, tapi di akhir proses, dilakukan sterilisasi secara menyeluruh.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB
III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KESIMPULAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sterilisasi merupakan proses yang
dirancang untuk menciptakan keadaan steril. Steril ini sendiri memiliki makna
yang berarti suatu keadaan di mana terjadi pada kondisi konotasi
relative,ataupun pada kondisi mutlak bebas dari organisme. Sediaan steril dapat
berbentuk padat steril,semi padat,cair. Selain itu factor factor yang
mempengaruhi sediaan steril yakni farmakokinetika obat, terapi ( dosis efektif
obat, lama penggunaan obat),sifat fisika kimia ( ukuran partikel, sifat alir, kompaktibilitas,
ketahanann terhadap kelembaban). Kemudian syarat sediaan steril juga meliputi
efektivitas obat untuk mencapai terapi, keamanan obat, ketertarika pasien,
sediaann harus jernih, keseragaman bobot, memenuhi uji kebocoran, dan stabil.
Untuk rute/jalannya pemberian sediaan steril berdasarkan tempatnya yakni
meliputi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intravena,Subkutis
(Subkutan), Intramuskuler, intrathekal-intraspinal, Intraperitoneal, Intradermal,
Intratekal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Metode yang umum digunakan untuk proses
sterilisasi dan disinfeksi dapat di kelompokkan dalam 3 kelompok : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo35; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Deskruksi mikroorganisme.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo35; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembunuhan atau inaktivasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo35; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penghilangan seca fisikal. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SARAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk
pembuatan sediaan steril ada bebarapa hal yang harus di perhatikan dalam
sediaannya,di antaranya : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo36; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keamanan
sediaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kontaminasi
terhadap mikroba,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo36; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stabilitas
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo36; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelarutan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kemasan
sediaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manufacturing</span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7529126109384346954.post-89347562558321061202013-01-21T17:56:00.000+08:002013-01-21T17:56:03.154+08:00Praformulasi Sirup Cefixime<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Makalah preformulasi sirup cefixime<br />
<a name='more'></a><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut
Farmakope Indonesia III, Sirup adalah sediaan cair berupa larutan yang
mengandung sakarosa. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada sirup dengan kadar gula yang rendah
dapat terjadi fermentasi, kadar gula yang tinggi mempunyai tekanan osmotik yang
cukup tinngi sehingga pertumbuhan bakteri dan fungi dapat terhambat. Bila
sebagian dari Saccharosa berubah menjadi gula invert, maka sirup cepat menjadi
rusak, kerusakan sirup dapat dihindarkan dengan menambahkan suatu bahan
pengawet kedalam sirup, misalnya nipagi dan nipasol, atau natrium benzoat
(joenoes, 1990).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kadar sakarosa (C12 H22 O11) tidak
kurang dari 64% dan tidak lebih dari 66%. Sirup adalah larutan oral yang
mengandung sukrosa atau gula lain dalam kadar tinggi (Anonim, 1995). Secara
umum sirup merupakan larutan pekat dari gula yang ditambah obat atau zat
pewangi dan merupakan larutan jernih berasa manis. Sirup adalah sediaan cair
kental yang minimal mengandung 50% sakarosa (Ansel et al., 2005). Sirup juga adalah sediaan cairan kental untuk
pemakaian dalam, yang minimal mengandung 90% sakarosa (Voigt, 1984).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sirup merupakan alat yang sangat menyenangkan untuk
pemberian suatu bentuk cairan dari suatu obat yang rasanya tidak enak.
Sirup-sirup terutama sfektif dalam pemberian obat untuk anak-anak untuk meminum
obat. Kenyataan bahwa sirup-sirup mengandung sedikit alkohol atau tidak,
menambah kesenangan siantara orang tua (Ansel,1989).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sirup dibagi
menjadi 2 :<br />
Non Medicated Syrup/Flavored vehicle Sirup<br />
Contoh:Cherry Syrup, Cocoa Syrup, orange syrup.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Medicated syrup/ sirup obat<br />
Contoh:Sirup Piperazina Sitrat, Sirup Isoniazid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komponen-komponen dari sirup adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;">Gula,
biasanya sukrosa/pengganti gula yang digunakan untuk memberi rasa manis dan
kental<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;">Pengawet
mikroba<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;">Pembau<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;">Pewarna<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stabilitas Kimia</span></i></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stabilitas kimia adalah kemampuan suatu
produk untuk bertahan dalam batas yang ditetapkan sepanjang periode penyimpanan
dan penggunaan, sifat kimia dan karakteristiknya sarna dengan yang dimilikinya
pada saat dibuat. Stabilitas kimia pada sediaan sirup dilakukan untuk
mempertahankan keutuhan kimiawi dan potensiasi yang tertera pada etiket dalam
batas yang dinyatakan dalam spesifikasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uji stabilitas kimia sediaan sirup :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;">Identifikasi<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;">Penetapan
Kadar<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stabilitas Fisika</span></i></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stabilitas fisika adalah tidak terjadinya
perubahan sifat fisik dari suatu produk selama waktu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;">penyimpanan.
Stabilitas fisika pada sediaan sirup dilakukan untuk mempertahankan keutuhan
fisik meliputi perubahan warna, perubahan rasa, perubahan bau, perubahan
tekstur atau penampilan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uji stabilitas fisika sediaan sirup :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;"> </span> <span style="background: white;">Organoleptik
seperti</span> <span style="background: white;">bau, rasa, warna<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;"> </span> <span style="background: white;">pH <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;"> </span> <span style="background: white;">Berat
jenis <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;"> </span> <span style="background: white;">Viskositas <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;"> </span> <span style="background: white;">Kejernihan
larutan <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;"> </span> <span style="background: white;">Volume terpindahkan</span> <span style="background: white;"> </span> <span style="background: white;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;"> </span> <span style="background: white;">Kemasan, meliputi etiket, brosur, wadah, peralatan
pelengkap seperti</span> <span style="background: white;">sendok, no. batch
dan leaflet.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b><i>Stabilitas Mikrobiologi</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stabilitas mikrobiologi suatu sediaan
adalah keadaan di mana sediaan bebas dari mikroorganisme atau tetap memenuhi
syarat batas mikroorganisme hingga batas waktu tertentu. Stabilitas
mikrobiologi pada sediaan sirup untuk menjaga atau mempertahankan jumlah dan
menekan pertumbuhan mikroorganisme yang terdapat dalam sediaan sirup hingga
jangka waktu tertentu yang diinginkan. Uji stabilitas mikrobiologi sediaan
sirup :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;">Jumlah
cemaran mikroba ( uji batas mikroba ),</span> <span style="background: white;">untuk sediaan oral (sirup, tablet, granul, sirup kering, granul) dan
rektal :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;">Total
bakteri aerob : Tidak lebih dari 10.000 CFU / gram atau ml.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;">Total
jamur/fungi : Tidak lebih dari 100 CFU / gram atau ml<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i><span style="background: white;">Escherichia coli, staphyloccocus</span> </i><span style="background: white;">: negatif<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;">Uji
efektivitas pengawet<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;">Untuk
sediaan antibiotik dilakukan Penetapan Antibiotik secara Mikrobiologi<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stabilitas Farmakologi</span></i></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stabilitas farmakologi pada sediaan sirup
dilakukan untuk menjamin identitas, kekuatan, kemurnian,dan parameter kualitas
lainnya dalam kurun waktu tertentu sehingga efek terapi tidak berubah selarna
usia guna sediaan sirup.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stabilitas Toksikologi</span></i></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stabilitas toksikologi sediaan sirup
dilakukan untuk menguji kemampuan suatu produk untuk bertahan dalam batas yang
ditetapkan sepanjang periode penyimpanan dan penggunaan, sifat dan
karakteristiknya sarna dengan yang dimilikinya pada saat dibuat sehigga</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;">tidak
terjadi peningkatan bermakna dalam toksisitas selama usia guna.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Stabilitas Sediaan Sirup</span></i></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;">Faktor
Internal<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;">Formulasi<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;">Kemasan
atau wadah primer<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;">Faktor
Eksternal<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;">Suhu<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;">pH<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;">Pelarut<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;">Kelembaban<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white;">Intensitas
Cahaya<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Cefixime merupakan antibiotik
cephalosporin generasi 3 yang telah memiliki cincin beta laktam. Cefixime
merupakan antibiotic</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> golongan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
cephalosorin semisintetik untuk pemberian oral dan memiliki spektrum aktivitas
luas menghambat mikroorganisme gram positif dan gram negatif dan sangat stabil
terhadap organisme penghasil enzim beta laktamase. Cefixime merupakan
antibiotik yang bersifat bakterisidal melalui penghambatan sistensis dinding
sel. protein binding sekitar 65%-70%, bioavailabitas 40-50% Cefixime aktif
terhadap sebagian besar golongan organisme dibawah ini baik secara in <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7529126109384346954" name="more"></a>vitro dan pada infeksi klinik. Berikut ini adalah beberapa
organisme yang efektif diatasi oleh cefixime:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Organisme
gram positif: steptococcus pneaumaoniae, streptococcus pyogenes.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Organisme
gram negatif: Haemophillus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, Eschericia
coli, proteus mirabilis, neisseria gonorrhaoeae.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Formulasi
asli<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cefixime
1.0 g (Sefiksim )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Master
formula<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sodium</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">benzoat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.0 g <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sakarosa 64%</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Strawberry
flavor 1.0 g <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Glycerol
1.5 g <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sorbitol
0.5 g<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aquades
5 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Formulasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akan dibuat sirup cefixime dengan zat aktif sebanyak 1 g.
dalam pembuatan sirup ini diperlukan bahan-bahan tambahan yang terdiri dari :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan Pengawet : Sodium
benzoate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan Pemanis :
Sukrosa <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan Perasa dan pengaroma : Strawberry flavour <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan Pengental :
Gliserol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan Antimikroba : Sorbitol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pelarut :
Air<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komposisi
Sirup<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tiap
1 sendok takar (5 ml) sirup CEFIXIME (100 mg/5 ml) mengandung Cefixime
trihidrat 111,92 mg setara dengan Cefixime 100 mg.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dosis
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="background: white;">Dewasa dan anak-anak dengan berat badan >30 kg:
50-100 mg, 2 kali sehari<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="background: white;">Untuk infeksi berat, dosis dapat ditingkatkan menjadi
200 mg, 2 kali sehari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="background: white;">Anak-anak: 1.5-3 mg/kg berat badan (BB), 2 kali sehari<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="background: white;">Untuk infeksi berat, dosis dapat ditingkatkan menjadi
6 mg/kg BB, 2 kali sehari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indikasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cefixime
diindikasikan untuk pengobatan infeksi-infeksi yang disebabkan oleh
mikroorganisme yang rentan antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 26.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Infeksi saluran kemih tanpa
komplikasi yang disebabkan oleh <i>Escherichia col</i>i dan<i>Proteus
mirabilis.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 26.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Otitis media disebabkan oleh <i>Haemophilus
influenzae </i>(strain β-laktamase positif) dan <i>Streptococcus
pyogenes.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 26.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faringitis dan tonsilitis yang
disebabkan oleh <i>Streptococcus pyogenes.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 26.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bronkitis akut dan bronkitis kronik
dengan eksaserbasi akut yang disebabkan oleh<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> dan <i>Haemophilus
influenzae</i> (strain beta-laktamase positif dan negatif).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kontraindikasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penderita
dengan riwayat <i>shock</i> atau hipersensitif atau alergi
akibat beberapa bahan dari sediaan ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Efek
Samping</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Shock</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perhatian yang cukup sebaiknya dilakukan karena
gejala-gejala <i>shock</i> kadang-kadang bisa terjadi. Jika beberapa
tanda atau gejala seperti perasaan tidak enak, rasa tidak enak pada rongga
mulut, stridor, <i>dizziness</i>, defekasi yang tidak normal, <i>tinnitus</i> atau
diaphoresis; maka pemakaian sediaan ini harus dihentikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hipersensitivitas</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika tanda-tanda reaksi hipersensitivitas seperti <i>rash</i>,
urtikaria, eritema, pruritus atau demam maka pemakaian sediaan ini harus
dihentikan dan sebaiknya dilakukan penanganan lain yang lebih tepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hematologik</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Granulositopenia atau eosinophilia jarang terjadi.
Kadang-kadang <i>thrombocytopenia</i> dapat terjadi.Pemakaian sediaan
ini sebaiknya dihentikan bila ditemukan adanya kelainan-kelainan ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dilaporkan bahwa terjadi anemia hemolitik pada penggunaan preparat
cefixime lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hepatik</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jarang
terjadi peningkatan GOT, GPT atau <i>alkaline phosphatase</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Renal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemantauan fungsi ginjal secara periodik dianjurkan karena
gangguan fungsi ginjal seperti insufisiensi ginjal kadang-kadang dapat terjadi.
Bila ditemukan adanya kelainan-kelainan ini, hentikan pemakaian obat ini dan
lakukan penanganan lain yang lebih tepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saluran
Cerna</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kadang-kadang terjadi kolitis seperti kolitis
pseudomembranosa, yang ditunjukkan dengan adanya darah di dalam tinja. Nyeri
lambung atau diare terus menerus memerlukan penanganan yang tepat, jarang
terjadi muntah, diare, nyeri lambung, rasa tidak enak dalam lambung, <i>heartburn</i> atau
anoreksia, nausea, rasa penuh dalam lambung atau konstipasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pernafasan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kadang-kadang terjadi pneumonia interstitial atau sindroma
PIE, yang ditunjukkan dengan adanya gejala-gejala demam, batuk, dyspnea,
foto <i>rontgen thorax</i> yang tidak normal dan eosinophilia, ini
sebaiknya hentikan pengobatan dengan obat ini dan lakukan penanganan lain yang
tepat seperti pemberian hormon adrenokortikal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perubahan
flora bakterial</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jarang
terjadi stomatitis atau kandidiasis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Defisiensi
vitamin</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jarang
terjadi defisiensi vitamin K (seperti hipoprotrombinemia atau kecenderungan
pendarahan) atau defisiensi grup vitamin B (seperti glositis, stomatitis,
anoreksia atau neuritis).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lain-lain</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jarang terjadi sakit kepala
atau <i>dizziness.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 26.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada penelitian terhadap anak tikus
yang diberi 1.000 mg/kgBB.hari secara oral, dilaporkan adanya penurunan
spermatogenesis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengaruh
terhadap tes laboratorium</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 26.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dapat terjadi hasil <i>false
positive</i> pada penentuan kadar gula urin dengan menggunakan larutan
Benedict, larutan Fehling dan Clinitest. Tetapi dengan <i>tes-tape</i> tidak
terjadi <i>false positive</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dapat terjadi positive <i>direct
Coombs test.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peringatan
dan Perhatian</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 26.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hati-hati terhadap reaksi
hipersensitif, karena reaksi-reaksi seperti shock dapat terjadi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 26.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sediaan ini sebaiknya jangan
diberikan kepada penderita-penderita yang masih dapat diobati dengan
antibiotika lain, jika perlu dapat diberikan dengan hati-hati. Penderita dengan
riwayat hipersensitif terhadap bahan-bahan dalam sediaan ini atau dengan
antibiotika cefixime lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sefiksim harus diberikan dengan
hati-hati kepada penderita, antara lain sebagai berikut: penderita dengan
riwayat hipersensitif terhadap penisilin, penderita dengan riwayat personal
atau familial terhadap berbagai bentuk alergi seperti asma bronkial, rash,
urtikaria, dan penderita dengan gangguan fungsi ginjal berat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penderita dengan nutrisi oral
rendah, penderita yang sedang mendapatkan nutrisi parenteral, penderita lanjut
usia atau penderita yang dalam keadaan lemah. Observasi perlu dilakukan dengan
hati-hati pada penderita ini karena dapat terjadi defisiensi vitamin K.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penggunaan selama kehamilan :
Keamanan pemakaian sefiksim selama masa kehamilan belum terbukti.
Sebaiknya sediaan ini hanya diberikan kepada penderita yang sedang hamil atau
wanita yang hendak hamil, bila keuntungan terapeutik lebih besar dibanding
risiko yang terjadi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 26.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penggunaan pada wanita menyusui :
Belum diketahui apakah sefiksim diekskresikan melalui air susu ibu. Sebaiknya
tidak menyusui untuk sementara waktu selama pengobatan dengan obat ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 26.25pt; margin-right: 22.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penggunaan pada bayi baru lahir atau
bayi prematur : Keamanan dan keefektifan penggunaan cefixime pada anak-anak
dengan usia kurang dari 6 bulan belum dibuktikan (termasuk bayi baru lahir dan
bayi prematur). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyiapan sediaan sirup kering :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tambahkan
20 mL air masak sampai terbentuk suspensi. Untuk sediaan sirup kering setelah
ditambahkan air, akan stabil selama 7 hari pada suhu kamar atau lemari es. Sisa
obat dalam bentuk suspensi lebih dari 7 hari harus dibuang. Atau dikonsumsi
bersamaan dengan makanan.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mekanisme
Kerja bahan aktif</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cefixime bersifat bakterisid dan
berspektrum luas terhadap mikroorganisme gram positif dan gram negatif, seperti
sefalosporin oral yang lain. Cefixime mempunyai aktivitas yang poten terhadap
mikroorganisme gram positif seperti <i>streptococcus sp., Streptococcus
pneumoniae,</i>dan gram negatif seperti <i>Branhamella catarrhalis,
Escherichia coli, Proteus sp., Haemophilus influenzae.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mekanisme kerjanya yaitu menghambat sintesis dinding sel.
Cefixime memiliki afinitas tinggi terhadap “<i>penicillin-binding-protein”</i> (PBP)
1 (1a, 1b, dan 1c) dan 3, dengan tempat aktivitas yang bervariasi tergantung jenis
organismenya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cefixime stabil terhadap β-laktamase yang dihasilkan oleh
beberapa organisme, dan mempunyai aktivitas yang baik terhadap organisme
penghasil β-laktamase.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penetrasi Cefixime ke dalam sputum, tonsil, jaringan <i>maxillary
sinus mucosal, otorrhea</i>, cairan empedu dan jaringan kandung empedu adalah
baik. Cefixime terutama diekskresikan melalui ginjal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uraian
Bahan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</v:imagedata></v:shape><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cefixime <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sifat fisika dan kimia cefixime<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sinonim : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sefiksim<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nama
Kimia<b> :</b>
Sefixim<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama Dagang: Anfix (Mahakam BF), Cefarox (Gracia Ph), Cefila
(Lapi), Cefspan (Kalbe Farma), Ceptik (Interbat), Comsporin (Combiphar),
Ethifix (Ethica), Fixacep (Fahrenheit), Fixam (Solas), Fixef (Kalbe Farma),
Fixiphar (Pharos), Lanfix (Landson), Nucef (Guardian Ph), Simcef (Erlimpex),
Sofix (Soho), Spaxim (Sandoz), Sporetik (Sanbe Farma), Starcef (Dexa Medica),
Taxime (Hexpharm), Tocef (Bernofarm), Trixim (Ferron), Urticef (Prafa/UAP).</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sodium</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">benzoat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sodium
benzoate (E211) memiliki NaC6H5CO2 rumus kimia. Ini adalah garam sodium dari
asam benzoat dan ada dalam bentuk ini ketika dilarutkan dalam air. Hal ini
dapat diproduksi dengan mereaksikan sodium hidroksida dengan asam benzoat.
Sodium benzoat adalah pengawet. Hal ini bakteriostatik dan fungistatic di bawah
kondisi asam. Hal ini digunakan paling prevalently asam dalam makanan seperti
salad dressing (cuka), minuman bersoda (asam karbonat), selai dan jus buah
(asam sitrat), acar (cuka), dan bumbu. Hal ini juga ditemukan dalam obat kumur
berbasis alkohol dan semir perak. Hal ini juga dapat ditemukan dalam obat batuk
seperti Robitussin Sodium benzoate. Dideklarasikan pada label produk
natrium benzoat ‘atau E211. karena natrium benzoat hanya akan bekerja ketika
keseimbangan pH makanan kurang dari 3,6. Oleh karena itu efektif dalam
kebanyakan soda, cuka, jus buah, dan bahan-bahan campuran seperti salad
dressing. Hal ini tambahan digunakan untuk menghentikan proses fermentasi pada
anggur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal
ini juga digunakan dalam kembang api sebagai bahan bakar dalam campuran peluit,
bubuk yang memancarkan suara siulan ketika dikompresi ke dalam tabung dan
dinyalakan. bahan bakar ini juga salah satu bahan bakar membakar roket tercepat
dan memberikan banyak dorongan dan asap. Itu memang memiliki downsides, ada bahaya
tinggi ledakan saat motor ditekan karena kepekaan bahan bakar untuk dampak.
Itulah sebabnya hanya pyrotechnicians profesional harus membuatnya. Natrium
benzoat diproduksi oleh netralisasi asam benzoat dengan natrium hidroksida.
asam benzoat terdeteksi pada tingkat rendah di cranberry, plum, greengage plum,
kayu manis, cengkeh matang, dan apel. Meskipun asam benzoat adalah pengawet
yang lebih efektif, natrium benzoat lebih sering digunakan sebagai bahan
tambahan makanan karena asam benzoat juga tidak larut dalam air Konsentrasi
sebagai pengawet adalah dibatasi oleh FDA di AS menjadi 0,1% berat.. Program
Internasional tentang Chemical Safety tidak menemukan efek samping pada manusia
pada dosis 647-825 mg / kg berat badan per hari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><v:shape alt="Sukrosa.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" style="height: 100.5pt; left: 0; margin-left: 68.55pt; margin-top: 17.7pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 240pt; z-index: 3;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ukrosa</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sukrosa
[O-β-D-fruktofuranosil-(2→1)-α-D-glukofiranosida]</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<b>Sukrosa</b>
merupakan suatu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disakarida&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Disakarida (halaman belum tersedia)">disakarida</a> yang dibentuk dari
monomer-monomernya yang berupa unit <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukosa" title="Glukosa">glukosa</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruktosa" title="Fruktosa">fruktosa</a>,
dengan rumus molekul C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub>. Senyawa ini
dikenal sebagai sumber nutrisi serta dibentuk oleh tumbuhan, tidak oleh
organisme lain seperti hewan Penambahan sukrosa dalam media berfungsi sebagai
sumber karbon. Sukrosa atau gula dapur diperoleh dari gula <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebu" title="Tebu">tebu</a> atau gula <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beet&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Beet (halaman belum tersedia)">beet</a>. Unit glukosa dan fruktosa
diikat oleh jembatan asetal oksigen dengan orientasi alpha.Struktur ini mudah
dikenali karena mengandung enam cincin glukosa dan lima cincin fruktosa.Proses
fermentasi sukrosa melibatkan mikroorganisme yang dapat memperoleh energi dari
substrat sukrosa dengan melepaskan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbondioksida" title="Karbondioksida">karbondioksida</a>
dan produk samping berupa senyawaan alkohol.Penggunaan yeast ini dalam proses
fermentasi diduga merupakan proses tertua dalam bioteknologi dan sering disebut
dengan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zymotechnology&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Zymotechnology (halaman belum tersedia)">zymotechnology</a>.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Glycerol <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gliserol
merupakan senyawa alkohol yang memiliki 3 gugus hidroksil. Gliserol memiliki
nama baku 1,2,3-propanatriol. Senyawa ini berwujud cair, tidak berwarna dengan
titik didih 290<sup>o</sup>C. Titik didih tinggi yang dimiliki oleh senyawa
dengan bobot molekul 92,09 g/mol ini disebabkan adanya ikatan hidrogen yang
sangat kuat antar molekul gliserol. Gliserol merupakan bahan baku pembentuk
trigliserida, yang dapat membentuk ikatan ester dengan asam lemak.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sorbitol <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumus Kimia C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>14</sub>O<sub>6<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nama UIPAC Hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexaol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berupa serbuk atau granul atau lempengan, higroskopis, warna
putih, rasa manis. Sangat mudah larut dalam air, sukar larut dalam etanol,
dalam metanol, dan dalam asam asetat. Sorbitol mengandung tidak kurang dari
91,0% dan tidak 12 lebih dari 100,5% C6H14O6
dihitung terhadap zat anhidrat. Dapat mengandung sejumlah kecil alkohol polihidrik lain
(Anonim, 1995). Manisnya sorbitol 0,5 - 0,6 manisnya sukrosa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Air<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background: white;">Air adalah substansi kimia dengan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumus_kimia" title="Rumus kimia"><span style="background: white;">rumus kimia</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen"><span style="background: white;">H</span></a><sub><span style="background: white;">2</span></sub><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen"><span style="background: white;">O</span></a><span style="background: white;">: satu<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul"><span style="background: white;">molekul</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">air
tersusun atas dua</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom"><span style="background: white;">atom</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen"><span style="background: white;">hidrogen</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">yang<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikatan_kovalen" title="Ikatan kovalen"><span style="background: white;">terikat secara kovalen</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">pada satu atom<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen"><span style="background: white;">oksigen</span></a><span style="background: white;">. Air
bersifat tidak</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warna" title="Warna"><span style="background: white;">berwarna</span></a><span style="background: white;">, tidak<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasa" title="Rasa"><span style="background: white;">berasa</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">dan
tidak<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bau" title="Bau"><span style="background: white;">berbau</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">pada kondisi standar, yaitu pada<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekanan" title="Tekanan"><span style="background: white;">tekanan</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">100
kPa (1 bar) and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatur" title="Temperatur"><span style="background: white;">temperatur</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">273,15 K (0 °C). Zat kimia ini merupakan suatu<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelarut" title="Pelarut"><span style="background: white;">pelarut</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">yang
penting, yang memiliki kemampuan untuk melarutkan banyak zat kimia lainnya,
seperti<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garam_(kimia)" title="Garam (kimia)"><span style="background: white;">garam-garam</span></a><span style="background: white;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula" title="Gula"><span style="background: white;">gula</span></a><span style="background: white;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam" title="Asam"><span style="background: white;">asam</span></a><span style="background: white;">, beberapa jenis<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas" title="Gas"><span style="background: white;">gas</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">dan banyak macam<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_organik" title="Kimia organik"><span style="background: white;">molekul organik</span></a><span style="background: white;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white;">Keadaan air yang berbentuk cair merupakan suatu
keadaan yang tidak umum dalam kondisi normal, terlebih lagi dengan
memperhatikan hubungan antara hidrida-hidrida lain yang mirip dalam kolom
oksigen pada<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik"><span style="background: white;">tabel periodik</span></a><span style="background: white;">,
yang mengisyaratkan bahwa air seharusnya berbentuk gas, sebagaimana<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen_sulfida" title="Hidrogen sulfida"><span style="background: white;">hidrogen sulfida</span></a><span style="background: white;">. Dengan memperhatikan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik"><span style="background: white;">tabel periodik</span></a><span style="background: white;">,
terlihat bahwa<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia"><span style="background: white;">unsur-unsur</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">yang mengelilingi oksigen adalah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="background: white;">nitrogen</span></a><span style="background: white;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin"><span style="background: white;">flor</span></a><span style="background: white;">, dan</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor"><span style="background: white;">fosfor</span></a><span style="background: white;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur"><span style="background: white;">sulfur</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klor" title="Klor"><span style="background: white;">klor</span></a><span style="background: white;">. Semua elemen-elemen ini
apabila berikatan dengan hidrogen akan menghasilkan gas pada temperatur dan
tekanan normal. Alasan mengapa hidrogen berikatan dengan oksigen membentuk fasa
berkeadaan cair, adalah karena oksigen lebih bersifat elektronegatif ketimbang
elemen-elemen lain tersebut (kecuali flor). Tarikan atom oksigen pada
elektron-elektron ikatan jauh lebih kuat dari pada yang dilakukan oleh atom
hidrogen, meninggalkan jumlah muatan positif pada kedua atom hidrogen, dan
jumlah muatan negatif pada atom oksigen. Adanya muatan pada tiap-tiap atom
tersebut membuat molekul air memiliki sejumlah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Momen_dipol&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Momen dipol (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="background: white;">momen
dipol</span></a><span style="background: white;">. Gaya tarik-menarik listrik
antar molekul-molekul air akibat adanya dipol ini membuat masing-masing molekul
saling berdekatan, membuatnya sulit untuk dipisahkan dan yang pada akhirnya
menaikkan titik didih air. Gaya tarik-menarik ini disebut sebagai<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikatan_hidrogen" title="Ikatan hidrogen"><span style="background: white;">ikatan hidrogen</span></a><span style="background: white;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white;">Air sering disebut sebagai<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelarut" title="Pelarut"><i><span style="background: white;">pelarut</span></i></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="background: white;"> </span></i></span><i><span style="background: white;">universal</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">karena
air melarutkan banyak zat kimia. Air berada dalam kesetimbangan dinamis antara
fase<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cair" title="Cair"><span style="background: white;">cair</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padat" title="Padat"><span style="background: white;">padat</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">di
bawah tekanan dan temperatur standar. Dalam bentuk ion, air dapat
dideskripsikan sebagai sebuah ion hidrogen (</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidron_(kimia)" title="Hidron (kimia)"><span style="background: white;">H</span></a><sup><span style="background: white;">+</span></sup><span style="background: white;">) yang berasosiasi (berikatan) dengan sebuah ion
hidroksida (</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroksida" title="Hidroksida"><span style="background: white;">OH</span></a><sup><span style="background: white;">-</span></sup><span style="background: white;">).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cefixime merupakan antibiotik cephalosporin generasi 3 yang
telah memiliki cincin beta laktam. Cefixime merupakan antibiotik cephalosorin
semisintetik untuk pemberian oral dan memiliki spektrum aktivitas luas
menghambat mikroorganisme gram positif dan gram negatif dan sangat stabil
terhadap organisme penghasil enzim beta laktamase. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daftar
Pustaka</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://ardakartiwan.blogspot.com/2011/08/cefixime-antibiotika-golongan.html"><span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;">http://ardakartiwan.blogspot.com/2011/08/cefixime-antibiotika-golongan.html</span></a><span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.arisclinic.com/2011/07/cefixime/"><span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;">http://www.arisclinic.com/2011/07/cefixime/</span></a><span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://industri10yusup.blog.mercubuana.ac.id/2010/10/07/sodium-benzoat-oleh-faisal/"><span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;">http://industri10yusup.blog.mercubuana.ac.id/2010/10/07/sodium-benzoat-oleh-faisal/</span></a><span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sodium-benzoate-skeletal.png"><span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sodium-benzoate-skeletal.png</span></a><span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://etd.eprints.ums.ac.id/1472/1/K100040084.pdf"><span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;">http://etd.eprints.ums.ac.id/1472/1/K100040084.pdf</span></a><span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://antometa208.blogspot.com/2011/08/stabilitas-sediaan-sirup.html"><span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;">http://antometa208.blogspot.com/2011/08/stabilitas-sediaan-sirup.html</span></a><span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://medicastore.com/obat/10172/CEFIXIME_OGB_DEXA_DRY_SYRUP.html"><span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;">http://medicastore.com/obat/10172/CEFIXIME_OGB_DEXA_DRY_SYRUP.html</span></a><span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;"><a href="http://antometa208.blogspot.com/2011/08/stabilitas-sediaan-sirup.html">http://antometa208.blogspot.com/2011/08/stabilitas-sediaan-sirup.html</a></span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7529126109384346954.post-55997988586433221432013-01-21T17:50:00.004+08:002013-01-21T17:50:58.072+08:00HUBUNGAN STRUKTUR KIMIA SENYAWA AGONIS DAN ANTAGONIS KOMPETITIF<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Makalah kimia medisinal<br />
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BAB II</div>
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PEMBAHASAN</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Agonis dan Antagonis<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Antagonis obat tidak hanya penting
untuk merancang obat atu dalam membuat komposisi obat tetapi juga digunakan
secara luas karena banyak aski obat berdasarkan antagonis dengan agonis
endogen, seperti biokatalis, hormone dan neurotransmitter atau kemungkinan
bekerja sebagai antimetabolit terhadap matabolit penting pada proses biokimia.</div>
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Contoh :</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]--><b>Kurare</b> bekerja dengan memblok reseptor
dari senyawa neuritransmiter asetilkolin pada penghubung saraf otot.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]--><b>Organofosfat</b> bekerha sebagai racun
saraf dan insektisida dengan cara memblok enzim asetilkolinesterase sehingga
kadar asetilkolin dalam tubuh menjadi berlebihan.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]--><b>Anthistamin</b> bekerja dengan memblok
tempat aksi histamine endogen.</div>
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Tujuan
rancangan senyawa aggonis dan antagonis adalah untuk mengembangkan antagonis
spesifik terhadap biokatalis utama atau
metabolit endogen.</div>
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Contoh : asetilkolin dan senyawa kolinergik, histamine
dan senyawa histaminergik, norepinerfin dan senyawa α-adrenergik.</div>
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Banyak gugus
obat yang bekerja sebagai pengganti atau mimetiKdari biokatalis, seperti hormon
dan vitamin, atau sebagai antagonis dari substrat atau produk antara proses
biokimia.</div>
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Senyawa agonis
adalah senyawa yang dapat menghasilkan respon biologis terterntu serupa dengan
senyawa agonis endogen.</div>
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Senyawa
antagonis adalah senyawa yang dapat menetralisir atau menghilangkan respon
biologis senyawa agonis.Pada umumnya senyawa antagonis mempunyai dasar struktur
yang mirip dengan senyawa agonis.</div>
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Pengetahuan
tentang agonis dan antagonis penting untuk diketahui karena dapat digunakan
untuk:</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Merancang kombinasi obat, terutama dalam
formulasi obat di industry farmasi.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Pembuatan komposisi obat, terutama dalam
pencampuran obat di apotek.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Merancang senyawa antagonis terhadap senyawa
agonis endogen, seperti : metabolit-antimetabolit, histamin–antihistamin dan
neurotransmiter-antineurotransmiter. Rancangan ini terutama dikembangkan di
bagian riset dan pengembangan.</div>
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Pengetahuan
tentang agonis-antagonis juga penting untuk mengetahui dan mengantisipasi
kemungkinan terjadinya bahaya interaksi obat.</div>
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Berdasarkan
fasa kerja obat, senyawa antagonis dikelompokkan sebagai berikut :</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Antagonis
Ketersediaan Farmasetik<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Antagonis
ini menyebabkan ketersediaan obat dalam fasa farmasetik menurun oleh karena
berkurangnya kuantitas atau jumlah bentuk aktif obat yang dilepaskan atau menurunnya kecepatan
pelepasan senyawa aktif dari senyawa aktif dari sediaan farmasi.</div>
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Faktor utama sebagai penyebab adalah
ketidaksesuaian (incompatibility) antara obat-obat yang dikombinasikan dan
ketidaksesuaian kimia atau fisika.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Antagonis
ketersediaan Biologis<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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Antagonis ini
juga disebut <b>antagonis farmakokinetik</b>,
yang menyebabkan ketersediaan biologis obat menurun sehingga kadar obat dalam
darah dan jaringan juga menurun.</div>
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Antagonis farmakokinetik dapat disebabkan oleh hal-hal
sebagai berikut :</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Menurunnya
absorpsi obat dalam saluran cerna.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Meningkatnya
eksresi obat aktif.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Meningkatnya
proses bioinaktivasi obat.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Menurunnya
proses bioaktivasi obat.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->e.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Menurunnya
kadar obat aktif karena ada interaksi kimia secara langsung antar obat
kombinasi.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Antagonis
pada tingkat jaringan atau plasma dan reseptor<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Antagonis ini juga disebut <b>antagonis farmakokdinamik</b>, yang
mempangaruhi proses interaksi obat dengan reseptor spesifik, sehingga
menurunkan respons biologis obat.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>KOMBINASI OBAT<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Kombinasi obat kemungkinan
melibatkan campuran dua atau lebih obat dalam satu formulasi, penggunaan dua
obat dalam formulasi yang berbeda dan diminum bersama-sama, atau penggunaan dua
obat yang diminum dalam waktu yang berbeda tetapi kemudian berada bersama-sama
dalam darah.Hal-hal di atas dapat menimbulkan masalah interaksi obat, sehingga
kemungkinan terjadi peningkatan atau penurunan efek obat (bersifat antagonis).</div>
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Penurunan efek satu obat oleh obat
yang lain atau antagonis antar obat pada umumnya tidak diinginkan, tetapi
kadang-kadang juga diinginkan.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Pada kasus penurunan efek obat yang
tidak diinginkan, kombinasi obat dikatakan tidak sesuai (<i>incompatible</i>).</div>
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<br /></div>
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Bila senyawa antagonis diberikan sebelumnya dan obyek
biologis menjadi tidak sensitive terhadapa obat kedua, maka terjadi proses <b>desentisasi</b> atau pencegahan aksi obat.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Bila senyawa antagonis diberikan sesudah agonis, yang
dimaksudkan untuk menghilangkan efek agonis atau efek sampingnya, maka disebut <b>efekkuratif</b>, misal untuk pengobatan
keracunan obat, senyawa antagonis berfungsi sebagai antidotum.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Kombinasi obat kemungkinan juga dapat meningkatkan
aktivitas obat, yaitu :</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Efek <b>potensiasi</b>,
dengan cara :</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Meningkatkan ketersediaan farmasetik.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Meningkatkan ketersediaan biologis dengan
proteksi terhadap proses bioinaktivasi.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Menurunkan ekskresi obat.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Meningkatkan proses bioaktivasi</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Efek <b>sinergisme</b>,
yang berdasarkan pengaruh pada fasa farmakodinamik.</div>
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Kombinasi obat
digunakan apabila :</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Obat-obat
tersebut mempunyai efek potensiasi atau dosis yang digunakan untuk
masing-masing onat menjadi lebih rendah dan dapat menghasilkan efek terapetik yang
sama dengan efek samping yang lebih kecil.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Salah
satu obat untuk menyembuhkan infeksi sedang obat yang lain untuk meringankan
atau menghilangkan gejala-gejala yang timbul akibat infeksi tersebut.</div>
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Contoh : pada infeksi pernapasan,
obat kemoterapi untuk membunub penyebab infeksi, sedang analgesic, antihistamin
dan pelega pernapasan untuk meringankan gejala-gejalanya.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Untuk
mencegah resistensi mikroorganisme.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pada
kasus di mana penyebab infeksi tidak dapat diidentifikasi secara cepat, sedang
pasien memerlukan penanganan dengan segera.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->e)<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pada
penyakit yang disebabkan oleh parasit, obat-obat kombinasi yang bekerja melalui
mekanisme aksi berbeda dapat meningkatkan aktivitas terhadap miroorganisme.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->f)<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pada
kasus dimana terjadi infeksi ganda, seperti infeksi kulityang disebabkan oleh
bakteri gram-positif dan Gram-negatif atau bekteri aerub dan anaerub.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->g)<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Kombinasi
obat lebih murah dan lebih nyaman penggunaannya disbanding apabila diberikan
secara terpisah.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
Kombinasi obat
menjadi tidak rasional atau tidak diinginkan apabila :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Salah
satu obat menimbulkan efek potensiasi yang berlebihan terhadap obat lainnya.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Salah
satu obat tidak tercampurkan dengan obat yang lain oleh karena berinteraksi
secara kimia atau karena dapat menghambat atau bersifat antagonis terhadap efek
teraperik obat lain.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pada
kasus obat antiparasit, bila efek terapetik yang dihasilkan kombinasi obat
tidak lebih baik dibandingkan diberikan sebagai obat tunggal, maka kombinasi
tersebut dapat meningkatkan resistensi parasit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
Kombinasi obat
kemungkinan juga mempunyai kerugian oleh karena :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Tidak
ada fleksebilitas dosis.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Sering
terjadi dosis yang diberikan tidak cukup, sehingga kemungkinan terjadi
pengobatan yang tidak adekuat.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Dapat
mempengaruhi identifikasi atau diagnose penyakit.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Toksisitas
salah satu obat mungkin mempengaruhi dosis terapi dari obat yang lain.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Toksisitas
yang dihasilkan oleh kombinasi obat sering diasosiasikan sebagai toksisitas
salah satu obat.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->f.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Dapat terjadi reaksi kimia antar obat kombinasi
selama penyimpanan.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->g.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Jarang
diperlukan penggunaan lebih dari satu obat untuk pengobatan kelainan fingsi organik.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
Oleh karena
itu penggunaan kombinasi obat yang tidak benar dapat menyebabkan keadaan atau
kondisi pasien menjadi lebih buruk.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>ANTAGONIS PADA FASA FARMAKOKINETIK<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
Antagonis pada
fasa farmakokinetik pada umumnya adalah <b>antagonis
kimia</b> atau <b>netralisasi</b>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.7pt;">
Dasar dari antaginis kimia adalah adanya interaksi antar obat pada
obyek biologis sesudah absorpsi. Antagonis kimia akan berinteraksi dengan
senyawa agonis menghasilkan produk tidak aktif sehingga jumlah agonis yang
berinteraksi dengan reseptor menurun dan aktivitas biologis obat juga
menurun.Hal tersebut digambarkan secara skematis sebagai berikut :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
Agonis (A) +
Reseptor (R) <span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";">⟶</span> Kompleks
A-R <span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";">⟶ </span>Stimulus <span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";">⟶</span> Efek biologis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
+</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
Antagonis
Kimia</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
+</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
Produk Tidak
Aktif</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Hubungan
antara efek bioogis dengan log dosis di gambarkan dalam kurva sebagai berikut :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t32" o:oned="t" o:spt="32" path="m,l21600,21600e">
<v:path arrowok="t" fillok="f" o:connecttype="none">
<o:lock shapetype="t" v:ext="edit">
</o:lock></v:path></v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1032" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 76.35pt; left: 0; margin-left: 66.55pt; margin-top: 7.85pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 0; z-index: 251664384;" type="#_x0000_t32"><v:shape id="_x0000_s1035" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0.65pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 66.55pt; margin-top: 19.4pt; position: absolute; width: 103.25pt; z-index: 251667456;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape coordsize="665,1283" filled="f" id="_x0000_s1036" path="m,1283c122,1189,244,1095,312,951,380,807,348,579,407,421,466,263,613,72,665,e" style="height: 64.15pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 89pt; margin-top: 20.05pt; position: absolute; width: 33.25pt; z-index: 251668480;">
<v:path arrowok="t">
</v:path></v:shape><v:shape coordsize="665,1283" filled="f" id="_x0000_s1037" path="m,1283c122,1189,244,1095,312,951,380,807,348,579,407,421,466,263,613,72,665,e" style="height: 64.15pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 103.8pt; margin-top: 19.4pt; position: absolute; width: 33.25pt; z-index: 251669504;">
<v:path arrowok="t">
</v:path></v:shape><v:shape coordsize="665,1283" filled="f" id="_x0000_s1038" path="m,1283c122,1189,244,1095,312,951,380,807,348,579,407,421,466,263,613,72,665,e" style="height: 64.15pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 118.05pt; margin-top: 20.05pt; position: absolute; width: 33.25pt; z-index: 251670528;">
<v:path arrowok="t">
</v:path></v:shape><o:p> </o:p></v:shape></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1034" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: y; height: 19.7pt; left: 0; margin-left: 42.1pt; margin-top: 22.45pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: .7pt; z-index: 251666432;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Efek</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1039" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: .7pt; left: 0; margin-left: 74.05pt; margin-top: 6.1pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 29.75pt; z-index: 251671552;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape>
Log dosis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Potensi
antagonis kimia tergantung pada kemampuan untuk berinteraksi dengan senyawa
agonis.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Contoh
antagonis kimia :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Antikoagulan
heparin yang bersifat asam dapat berinteraksi dengan protamin yang bersifat
basa sehingga senyawa menjadi tidak aktif.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Ion merkuri (Hg<sup>++</sup>) dapat membentuk
kelat yang nontoksik dan mudah larut dalam air dengan dimerkaprol sehingga
menjadi tidak aktif. Hal ini dapat digunakan untuk merancang senyawa ke;at
sebagai antidotum keracunan logam berat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>D.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>ANTAGONIS ANTAR OBAT PADA FASA
FARMAKODINAMIK<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 23.7pt;">
Antagonis farmakodinamik adalah antagonis yang mempengaruhi proses
interaksi obat reseptor, sehingga respons biologis obat menurun. Antagonis
berperan pada proses biokimia penting atau melakukan pemblokan pada reseptor
spesifik. Interaksi dapat bersifat reversible, kompetitif atau irreversible.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Antagonis
Kompetitif<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Senyawa agonis dan antagonis
berkompetisi dalam memperebutkan tempat reseptor sehingga jumlah agonis yang
berinteraksi dengan reseptor menuerun, dan aktivitas agonis akan menurun. Hal
tersebut digambarkan secara skematis sebagai berikut :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Agonis (A) + Reseptor (R) <span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";">⟶</span> Kompleks A-R <span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";">⟶</span> Stimulus <span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";">⟶⟶</span>Efek Biologis</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
↑</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Antagonis Kompetitif</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Pada umumnya ada hubungan struktur
agonis dengan antagonis. Kurva hubungan antara efek biologis dengan log dosis
serupa dengan kurva pada antagonis kimia.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Contoh :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Antihistamin
dan histamin</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Kolinergik
dan antikolinergik</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Spironolakton dan aldosteron</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Antagonis kompetitif dapat
diatasi dengan meningkatkan kadar senyawa nagonis. Proses antagonis
kompetitif tergantung dari afinitas senyawa terhadapa reseptor.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Antagonis
Nonkempetitif<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Antagonis Nonkempetitif dapat
bekerja dengan mekanisme sebagai berikut :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pengurangan
afinitas pada reseptor</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Obat bekerja pada sel yang sama
tetapi pada tempat yang berbeda atau penghambatan alosetrik. Interaksi senyawa
antagonis dengan reseptor menyebabkan perubahan bentuk konformasi reseptor yang
dapat menurunkan afinitas senyawa agonis sehingga efek yang ditimbulkan juga
menurun.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Hal ini berarti afinitas senyawa
agonis dan antagonis terhadpa reseptor sama tetapi aktivitas intrinsiknya
berbeda.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Hal tersebut dapat digambarkan
sebagai berikut :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
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<v:path arrowok="t">
</v:path></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1045" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 71.3pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 103.9pt; margin-top: 3.15pt; position: absolute; width: 0px; z-index: 251678720;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1047" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0px; left: 0px; margin-left: 103.9pt; margin-top: 3.15pt; position: absolute; width: 194.95pt; z-index: 251680768;" type="#_x0000_t32">
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<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><o:p> </o:p></v:shape></v:shape></v:shape></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
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<v:path arrowok="t">
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<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1031" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: .7pt; left: 0; margin-left: 99.85pt; margin-top: 6.2pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 24.45pt; z-index: 251663360;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">agonis Stimulus Efek</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1029" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: .05pt; left: 0; margin-left: 128.4pt; margin-top: 6.15pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 38pt; z-index: 251661312;" type="#_x0000_t32"><v:shape id="_x0000_s1044" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 21.7pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 148.75pt; margin-top: 19pt; position: absolute; width: 0px; z-index: 251677696;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1046" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0.05pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 103.9pt; margin-top: 29.85pt; position: absolute; width: 194.95pt; z-index: 251679744;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><o:p> </o:p></v:shape></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Antagonis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Hubungan antara efek biologis dengan
log dosis digambarkan dalam kurva berkut :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1049" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 73.35pt; left: 0; margin-left: 137.9pt; margin-top: 6.25pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: .05pt; z-index: 251682816;" type="#_x0000_t32"><v:shape coordsize="706,1069" filled="f" id="_x0000_s1051" path="m,1069c138,912,269,776,353,625,437,474,443,267,502,163,561,59,664,34,706,e" style="height: 53.45pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 137.9pt; margin-top: 26.45pt; position: absolute; width: 35.3pt; z-index: 251684864;">
<v:path arrowok="t">
</v:path></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1052" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0.05pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 137.9pt; margin-top: 25.05pt; position: absolute; width: 99.15pt; z-index: 251685888;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><o:p> </o:p></v:shape></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1056" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: y; height: 29.95pt; left: 0; margin-left: 111.35pt; margin-top: 14.3pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 0; z-index: 251689984;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape coordsize="1284,879" filled="f" id="_x0000_s1053" path="m,879c232,747,457,634,592,506,727,378,693,192,808,108,923,24,1185,22,1284,e" style="height: 43.95pt; left: 0; margin-left: 137.9pt; margin-top: 4.75pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 64.2pt; z-index: 251686912;">
<v:path arrowok="t">
</v:path></v:shape> Efek</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1050" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 137.9pt; margin-top: 33.9pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 107.3pt; z-index: 251683840;" type="#_x0000_t32"><v:shape coordsize="1284,540" filled="f" id="_x0000_s1054" path="m,540c106,495,485,344,637,272,789,200,801,154,909,109,1017,64,1206,23,1284,e" style="height: 27pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 137.95pt; margin-top: 6.25pt; position: absolute; width: 64.2pt; z-index: 251687936;">
<v:path arrowok="t">
</v:path></v:shape><v:shape coordsize="1284,540" filled="f" id="_x0000_s1055" path="m,540c106,495,485,344,637,272,789,200,801,154,909,109,1017,64,1206,23,1284,e" style="height: 13.4pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 137.95pt; margin-top: 20.15pt; position: absolute; width: 64.15pt; z-index: 251688960;">
<v:path arrowok="t">
</v:path></v:shape><o:p> </o:p></v:shape></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1057" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 156.3pt; margin-top: 8.9pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 33.05pt; z-index: 251691008;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape> Log dosis</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pengurangan
aktivitas intrinsic</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
Senyawa antagonis bekerja pada sel yang berbeda dengan
senyawa agonis. Interaksi senyawa antagonis dengan sel yang berbeda dapat
menyebabkan penrunan aktivitas intrinsik senyawa agonis sehingga efek bioligis
yang dihasilkan akan menurun.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Hal tersebut digambarkan sebagai
berikut :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1058" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 71.3pt; left: 0; margin-left: 100.5pt; margin-top: .85pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 0; z-index: 251692032;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1060" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 69.95pt; left: 0; margin-left: 298.8pt; margin-top: 2.25pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: .05pt; z-index: 251694080;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1061" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: x; height: .05pt; left: 0; margin-left: 99.85pt; margin-top: .15pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 198.95pt; z-index: 251695104;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1062" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 27.5pt; left: 0; margin-left: 128.4pt; margin-top: 35.9pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 0; z-index: 251696128;" type="#_x0000_t32"><v:shape id="_x0000_s1063" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 27.5pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 169.8pt; margin-top: 35.9pt; position: absolute; width: 0px; z-index: 251697152;" type="#_x0000_t32"><v:shape id="_x0000_s1065" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0px; left: 0px; margin-left: 128.4pt; margin-top: 35.2pt; position: absolute; width: 41.4pt; z-index: 251699200;" type="#_x0000_t32"><v:shape coordsize="222,550" filled="f" id="_x0000_s1066" path="m,c79,53,158,106,190,173v32,67,32,168,,231c158,467,32,526,,550e" style="height: 27.5pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 129.05pt; margin-top: 35.2pt; position: absolute; width: 11.1pt; z-index: 251700224;">
<v:path arrowok="t">
</v:path></v:shape><o:p> </o:p></v:shape></v:shape></v:shape></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1073" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 304.2pt; margin-top: 5.65pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 11.55pt; z-index: 251707392;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1072" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: y; height: 37.4pt; left: 0; margin-left: 287pt; margin-top: 10.15pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 0; z-index: 251706368;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1071" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 268.05pt; margin-top: 5.75pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 11.55pt; z-index: 251705344;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1070" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 252.55pt; margin-top: 5.65pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 11.55pt; z-index: 251704320;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1069" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 237.05pt; margin-top: 6.25pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 11.55pt; z-index: 251703296;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1068" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: .05pt; left: 0; margin-left: 172.05pt; margin-top: 6.35pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 24.45pt; z-index: 251702272;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1067" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: .05pt; left: 0; margin-left: 94.25pt; margin-top: 6.25pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 24.45pt; z-index: 251701248;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Agonis Stimulus Efek<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1059" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: x; height: .05pt; left: 0; margin-left: 99.85pt; margin-top: 13.25pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 198.95pt; z-index: 251693056;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1064" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: x; height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 127.7pt; margin-top: 2.4pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 41.4pt; z-index: 251698176;" type="#_x0000_t32"><o:p> </o:p></v:shape></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Antagonis</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Contoh :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1)<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Agonis
:<b>spasmolitik</b> (papaverin) dengan
antagonis : <b>spasmogen</b> (histamin,
asetilkolin, serotonin atau metakolin).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2)<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Agonis
:<b>antimetabolit</b> (aminopterin) dengan
antagonis : <b>normal metabolit</b> (asam <i>p</i>-aminobenzoat).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Menghalangi
transmisi impuls.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Interaksi senyawa antagonis dengan
sel yang berbeda dapat menyebabkan halangan transmisi impuls senyawa agonis
sehingga efek biologis yang dihasilkan akan menurun. Hal tersebut dapat
digambarkan sebagai berikut :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Transmisi
impuls</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
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<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1076" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 69.95pt; left: 0; margin-left: 298.8pt; margin-top: 2.25pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: .05pt; z-index: 251715584;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1077" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: x; height: .05pt; left: 0; margin-left: 99.85pt; margin-top: .15pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 198.95pt; z-index: 251716608;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1078" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 27.5pt; left: 0; margin-left: 128.4pt; margin-top: 35.9pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 0; z-index: 251717632;" type="#_x0000_t32"><v:shape id="_x0000_s1079" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 27.5pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 169.8pt; margin-top: 35.9pt; position: absolute; width: 0px; z-index: 251718656;" type="#_x0000_t32"><v:shape id="_x0000_s1081" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0px; left: 0px; margin-left: 128.4pt; margin-top: 35.2pt; position: absolute; width: 41.4pt; z-index: 251720704;" type="#_x0000_t32"><v:shape coordsize="222,550" filled="f" id="_x0000_s1082" path="m,c79,53,158,106,190,173v32,67,32,168,,231c158,467,32,526,,550e" style="height: 27.5pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 129.05pt; margin-top: 35.2pt; position: absolute; width: 11.1pt; z-index: 251721728;">
<v:path arrowok="t">
</v:path></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1090" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 73.45pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 326.05pt; margin-top: 0.2pt; position: absolute; width: 0.05pt; z-index: 251729920;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1091" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 74.9pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 390.55pt; margin-top: 0.1pt; position: absolute; width: 0.05pt; z-index: 251730944;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
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<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><o:p> </o:p></v:shape></v:shape></v:shape></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
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<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1086" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 253.95pt; margin-top: 6.35pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 11.55pt; z-index: 251725824;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1085" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 237.75pt; margin-top: 6.25pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 11.55pt; z-index: 251724800;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1096" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: .6pt; left: 0; margin-left: 394.65pt; margin-top: 5.75pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 10.85pt; z-index: 251736064;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1095" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 371.55pt; margin-top: 5.65pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 11.55pt; z-index: 251735040;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1094" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 351.45pt; margin-top: 5.65pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 11.55pt; z-index: 251734016;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1089" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 328.7pt; margin-top: 5.65pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 11.55pt; z-index: 251728896;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1084" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: .05pt; left: 0; margin-left: 172.05pt; margin-top: 6.35pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 24.45pt; z-index: 251723776;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1083" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: .05pt; left: 0; margin-left: 94.25pt; margin-top: 6.25pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 24.45pt; z-index: 251722752;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Agonis Stimulus Efek<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1075" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: x; height: .05pt; left: 0; margin-left: 99.85pt; margin-top: 13.25pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 198.95pt; z-index: 251714560;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1088" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: y; height: 37.4pt; left: 0; margin-left: 356.75pt; margin-top: 1.7pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 0; z-index: 251727872;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1093" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: x; height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 326.05pt; margin-top: 13.2pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 64.45pt; z-index: 251732992;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1080" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: x; height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 127.7pt; margin-top: 2.4pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 41.4pt; z-index: 251719680;" type="#_x0000_t32"><o:p> </o:p></v:shape></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Antagonis</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Contoh agonis : striknin
(perangsang sistem saraf pusat) dengan antagonis : prokain (anestesi setempat).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Berinteraksi
dengan makromolekul (membrane, sel atau
jaringan ) yang sama dengan obat agonis, yang merupakan bagian dari sistem
reseptor-efektor, sehingga terjadi penurunan efek biologis. Hal tersebut
digambarkan sebagai berikut :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Makromolekul</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1097" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 71.3pt; left: 0; margin-left: 100.5pt; margin-top: .85pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 0; z-index: 251738112;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1099" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 69.95pt; left: 0; margin-left: 298.8pt; margin-top: 2.25pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: .05pt; z-index: 251740160;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1100" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: x; height: .05pt; left: 0; margin-left: 99.85pt; margin-top: .15pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 198.95pt; z-index: 251741184;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1113" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 73.45pt; left: 0; margin-left: 348.45pt; margin-top: .2pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: .05pt; z-index: 251754496;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1114" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 74.9pt; left: 0; margin-left: 412.95pt; margin-top: .1pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: .05pt; z-index: 251755520;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1115" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: x; height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 347.8pt; margin-top: .1pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 64.45pt; z-index: 251756544;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><o:p> </o:p></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Efektor</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1101" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 27.5pt; left: 0; margin-left: 128.4pt; margin-top: 4.4pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 0; z-index: 251742208;" type="#_x0000_t32"><v:shape id="_x0000_s1102" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 27.5pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 169.8pt; margin-top: 4.4pt; position: absolute; width: 0px; z-index: 251743232;" type="#_x0000_t32"><v:shape id="_x0000_s1104" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0px; left: 0px; margin-left: 128.4pt; margin-top: 3.7pt; position: absolute; width: 41.4pt; z-index: 251745280;" type="#_x0000_t32"><v:shape coordsize="222,550" filled="f" id="_x0000_s1105" path="m,c79,53,158,106,190,173v32,67,32,168,,231c158,467,32,526,,550e" style="height: 27.5pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 129.05pt; margin-top: 3.7pt; position: absolute; width: 11.1pt; z-index: 251746304;">
<v:path arrowok="t">
</v:path></v:shape><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" id="_x0000_t120" o:spt="120" path="m10800,qx,10800,10800,21600,21600,10800,10800,xe">
<v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connectlocs="10800,0;3163,3163;0,10800;3163,18437;10800,21600;18437,18437;21600,10800;18437,3163" o:connecttype="custom" textboxrect="3163,3163,18437,18437">
</v:path></v:shapetype><v:shape fillcolor="#666 [1936]" id="_x0000_s1120" strokecolor="black [3200]" strokeweight="1pt" style="height: 16.3pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 362.5pt; margin-top: 11.65pt; position: absolute; width: 17.8pt; z-index: 251761664;" type="#_x0000_t120">
<v:fill color2="black [3200]" focus="50%" type="gradient">
<v:shadow color="#7f7f7f [1601]" offset2="-3pt" offset="1pt" type="perspective">
</v:shadow></v:fill></v:shape><o:p> </o:p></v:shape></v:shape></v:shape></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1119" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: .6pt; left: 0; margin-left: 415.65pt; margin-top: 5.75pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 10.85pt; z-index: 251760640;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1118" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 332.35pt; margin-top: 5.65pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 11.55pt; z-index: 251759616;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1117" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 318.55pt; margin-top: 5.65pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 11.55pt; z-index: 251758592;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1112" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 304.9pt; margin-top: 5.65pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 11.55pt; z-index: 251753472;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1110" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 270.15pt; margin-top: 6.45pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 11.55pt; z-index: 251751424;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1109" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 253.95pt; margin-top: 6.35pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 11.55pt; z-index: 251750400;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1108" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 237.75pt; margin-top: 6.25pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 11.55pt; z-index: 251749376;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1107" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: .05pt; left: 0; margin-left: 172.05pt; margin-top: 6.35pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 24.45pt; z-index: 251748352;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1106" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: .05pt; left: 0; margin-left: 94.25pt; margin-top: 6.25pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 24.45pt; z-index: 251747328;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Agonis Stimulus Efek<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1098" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: x; height: .05pt; left: 0; margin-left: 99.85pt; margin-top: 13.25pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 198.95pt; z-index: 251739136;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1111" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: y; height: 37.4pt; left: 0; margin-left: 371.45pt; margin-top: 1.7pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 0; z-index: 251752448;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1116" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: x; height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 349.15pt; margin-top: 13.2pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 64.45pt; z-index: 251757568;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1103" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: x; height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 127.7pt; margin-top: 2.4pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 41.4pt; z-index: 251744256;" type="#_x0000_t32"><o:p> </o:p></v:shape></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Antagonis</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Contoh :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Agonis : striknin dengan antagonis :
kurare</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Kombinasi
Antagonis Kompetitif dan Nonkompetitif<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 29.45pt;">
Kombinasi satu
senyawa yang menimbulkan efek antagonis
kompetitif dan nonkompetitif dengan senyawa agonis juga sering terjadi. Aksi
dari komponen non kompetitif akan terlihat pada kadar yang tinggi dari senyawa
antagonis.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Efek yang terjadi pada kurva log
dosis-respons adalah pergeseran parallel dan penekanan dari respons maksimal.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Contoh : kombinasi antikolinergik
dengan adifenin atau kamilofen (papaverin-like action).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Antagonis
Fungsional dan Fisiologik<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 29.45pt;">
Apabila dua
senyawa agonis yang mempunyai efek “berlawanan” [efek(+) dan efek (-)]
diberikan secara bersama-sama dapat mengubah parameter biologis, sehingga
terjadi efek antagonis.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Antagonis fungsional adalah apabila
dua senyawa agonus yang mempunyai efek “berlawanan” bekerja pada satu sel atau
sistem yang sama, tetapi pada tempat yang berbeda.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Antagonis Fungsional dapat
digambarkan sebagai berikut :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1121" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 157.7pt; left: 0; margin-left: 109.6pt; margin-top: .85pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 0; z-index: 251763712;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1123" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 158.4pt; left: 0; margin-left: 338.95pt; margin-top: .15pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 0; z-index: 251765760;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
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<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
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<v:path arrowok="t">
</v:path></v:shape><o:p> </o:p></v:shape></v:shape></v:shape></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
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<v:shape id="_x0000_s1147" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 26.4pt; left: 0; margin-left: 302.65pt; margin-top: 6.4pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 28.8pt; z-index: 251793408;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1130" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: y; height: .05pt; left: 0; margin-left: 105.95pt; margin-top: 6.35pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 18.35pt; z-index: 251772928;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1134" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 268.05pt; margin-top: 5.75pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 11.55pt; z-index: 251777024;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1133" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 252.55pt; margin-top: 5.65pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 11.55pt; z-index: 251776000;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1132" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 237.05pt; margin-top: 6.25pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 11.55pt; z-index: 251774976;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1131" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: .05pt; left: 0; margin-left: 172.05pt; margin-top: 6.35pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 24.45pt; z-index: 251773952;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Agonis (+) Stimulus (+) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1135" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 345.35pt; margin-top: 8.75pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 11.55pt; z-index: 251779072;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1145" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: y; height: 28.5pt; left: 0; margin-left: 302.65pt; margin-top: 8.75pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 28.8pt; z-index: 251791360;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape> Efek</div>
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<v:path arrowok="t">
</v:path></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1137" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 27.5pt; left: 0; margin-left: 169.8pt; margin-top: 4.4pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 0; z-index: 251782144;" type="#_x0000_t32"><v:shape id="_x0000_s1136" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 27.5pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 128.4pt; margin-top: 4.4pt; position: absolute; width: 0px; z-index: 251781120;" type="#_x0000_t32"><v:shape id="_x0000_s1138" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0px; left: 0px; margin-left: 128.4pt; margin-top: 3.7pt; position: absolute; width: 41.4pt; z-index: 251784192;" type="#_x0000_t32"></v:shape></v:shape></v:shape></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1140" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: .05pt; left: 0; margin-left: 104.6pt; margin-top: 6.4pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 24.45pt; z-index: 251786240;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1144" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 268.05pt; margin-top: 5.75pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 11.55pt; z-index: 251790336;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1143" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 252.55pt; margin-top: 5.65pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 11.55pt; z-index: 251789312;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1142" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 237.05pt; margin-top: 6.25pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 11.55pt; z-index: 251788288;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1141" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: .05pt; left: 0; margin-left: 172.05pt; margin-top: 6.35pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 24.45pt; z-index: 251787264;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Agonis (-) Stimulus (-) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Reseptor</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1122" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: x; height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 109.6pt; margin-top: 7pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 229.35pt; z-index: 251764736;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><o:p> </o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Contoh Antagonis Fungsional :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<b>Spasmogen,</b> sperti histamine dan senyawa kolinergik, dengan
β-adrenergik, seperti isoprenalin, yang bekerja pada sel yang sama yaitu otot
polos jaringan bronki.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<b>Antagonis Fisiologi</b> adalah apabila dua senyawa agonis yang
mempunyai efek “berlawanan” bekerja pada organ atau jaringan yang berebeda
sehingga dihasilkan efek resultante.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Antagonis fisiologi dapat
digambarkan sebagai berikut :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1151" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: x; height: .7pt; left: 0; margin-left: 109.6pt; margin-top: .15pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 158.45pt; z-index: 251798528;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1152" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 27.5pt; left: 0; margin-left: 128.4pt; margin-top: 35.9pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 0; z-index: 251799552;" type="#_x0000_t32"><v:shape id="_x0000_s1153" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 27.5pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 169.8pt; margin-top: 35.9pt; position: absolute; width: 0px; z-index: 251800576;" type="#_x0000_t32"><v:shape id="_x0000_s1155" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0px; left: 0px; margin-left: 128.4pt; margin-top: 35.2pt; position: absolute; width: 41.4pt; z-index: 251802624;" type="#_x0000_t32"><v:shape coordsize="222,550" filled="f" id="_x0000_s1156" path="m,c79,53,158,106,190,173v32,67,32,168,,231c158,467,32,526,,550e" style="height: 27.5pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 129.05pt; margin-top: 35.2pt; position: absolute; width: 11.1pt; z-index: 251803648;">
<v:path arrowok="t">
</v:path></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1175" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 75.5pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 268pt; margin-top: 0.15pt; position: absolute; width: 0.05pt; z-index: 251824128;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1177" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 74pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 109.55pt; margin-top: 1.7pt; position: absolute; width: 0.05pt; z-index: 251826176;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><o:p> </o:p></v:shape></v:shape></v:shape></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1173" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 23pt; left: 0; margin-left: 324pt; margin-top: 9.8pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 28.85pt; z-index: 251822080;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1157" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: y; height: .05pt; left: 0; margin-left: 105.95pt; margin-top: 6.35pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 18.35pt; z-index: 251804672;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1161" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 268.05pt; margin-top: 5.75pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 11.55pt; z-index: 251808768;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1160" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 252.55pt; margin-top: 5.65pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 11.55pt; z-index: 251807744;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1159" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 237.05pt; margin-top: 6.25pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 11.55pt; z-index: 251806720;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1158" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: .05pt; left: 0; margin-left: 172.05pt; margin-top: 6.35pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 24.45pt; z-index: 251805696;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Agonis (+) Stimulus Efek (+) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1148" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 74pt; left: 0; margin-left: 109.6pt; margin-top: 8.75pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: .05pt; z-index: 251795456;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1171" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: y; height: 23.7pt; left: 0; margin-left: 324pt; margin-top: 8.75pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 28.85pt; z-index: 251820032;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1174" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: x; height: .05pt; left: 0; margin-left: 109.6pt; margin-top: -.15pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 158.45pt; z-index: 251823104;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1176" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: x; height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 109.6pt; margin-top: 8.75pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 158.4pt; z-index: 251825152;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1150" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 74pt; left: 0; margin-left: 268pt; margin-top: 8.75pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: .05pt; z-index: 251797504;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape> Efek<i>Resultante<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<v:shape coordsize="222,550" filled="f" id="_x0000_s1165" path="m,c79,53,158,106,190,173v32,67,32,168,,231c158,467,32,526,,550e" style="height: 27.5pt; left: 0; margin-left: 129.05pt; margin-top: 3.7pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 11.1pt; z-index: 251813888;">
<v:path arrowok="t">
</v:path></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1163" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 27.5pt; left: 0; margin-left: 169.8pt; margin-top: 4.4pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 0; z-index: 251811840;" type="#_x0000_t32"><v:shape id="_x0000_s1162" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 27.5pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 128.4pt; margin-top: 4.4pt; position: absolute; width: 0px; z-index: 251810816;" type="#_x0000_t32"><v:shape id="_x0000_s1164" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0px; left: 0px; margin-left: 128.4pt; margin-top: 3.7pt; position: absolute; width: 41.4pt; z-index: 251812864;" type="#_x0000_t32"></v:shape></v:shape></v:shape></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1166" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: .05pt; left: 0; margin-left: 104.6pt; margin-top: 6.4pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 24.45pt; z-index: 251814912;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1170" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 268.05pt; margin-top: 5.75pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 11.55pt; z-index: 251819008;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1169" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 252.55pt; margin-top: 5.65pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 11.55pt; z-index: 251817984;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1168" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 237.05pt; margin-top: 6.25pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 11.55pt; z-index: 251816960;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1167" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: .05pt; left: 0; margin-left: 172.05pt; margin-top: 6.35pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 24.45pt; z-index: 251815936;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Agonis (-) Stimulus Efek (-) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Reseptor</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1149" o:connectortype="straight" style="flip: x; height: .1pt; left: 0; margin-left: 109.6pt; margin-top: 6.95pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 158.4pt; z-index: 251796480;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round">
</v:stroke></v:shape><o:p> </o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
Contoh antagonis fisiologis :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 131.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<b>α-Adrenergik</b> seprti <b>norepinerfin</b>,
menimbulkan efek vasokontriksi arteri sehingga meningkatkan tekanan darah,
apabila dikombinasi dengan <b>β-adrenergik</b>
yang menimbulkan efek vasodilatasi pada kapiler dan menurunkan tekanan darah,
maka akan mempengaruhi tekanan darah dan terjadi efek resultante.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Antagonis
Ireversible<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Tipe antagonis
dengan karakteristik masa kerja yang panjang.Pengikatan obat reseptor
kemungkinan bersifat selektif, tempat reseptor hanya untuk satu tipe agonis.</div>
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Contoh : Senyawa <b>pemblok</b> α-<b>adrenergik</b>, seperti dibenamin dan dibenezilin, dapat memblok
reseptor α-<b>adrenergik</b> dengan
mengikat reseptor melalui ikatan kovalen.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Antagonis
Tipe Kompleks<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Antagonis tipe ini cara kerjanya
sangat kompleks.</div>
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Contoh :</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b>Senyawa bakteriostatik</b>, seperti
tetrasiklin, kloramfenikol, sulfonamide, eritromisin dan linkomisin, bekerja
sebagai antibakteri dengan menghambat sintesis protein, sehingga menghambat pertumbuhan
bakteri dan tidak mematikan bakteri.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b>Senyawa bakterisid</b>, seperti penisilin,
sefalosporin, D-sikloserin, vankomisin, polimiksin, basitrasin, kolistin,
streptomisin, kanamisisn dan neomisin, bekerja sebagai antibakteri dengan
menghambat sintesis mukopeptida yang dibutuhkan untuk pembentukan dinding sel
bakteri, akibatnya dinding sel mudah lisis dan bakteri mengalami kematian.</div>
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Apabila senyawa bakteriostatik dan
bakterisid dikombinasi, efek bakteriostatik akan menghentikan pertumbuhan sel
bakteri, sehingga senyawa baktersidal menjadi tidak aktif terhadapa bakteri.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>E.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>HUBUNGAN
STRUKTUR KIMIA SENYAWA AGONIS DAN ANTAGONIS KOMPETITIF<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Agonis dan antagonis kompetitif mempunyai afinitas terhadap reseptor
yang sama dan yang berbeda adalah aktivitas intrinsiknya. Interaksi obat dengan
tempat aktif atau reseptor berdasarkan pada keseimbangan dinamik antara
sifat-sifat kimia obat dan reseptor. Oleh karena itu hubungan antara struktur
kimia dan aktivitas dapat diprakirakan untuk obat-obat yang bekerja pada
reseptor yang sama.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Metabolit
dan Antimetabolit<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Pada umumnya senyawa agonis dan
antagonis tipe ini mempunyai struktur yang mirip atau suatu bioisosterik
parsial.</div>
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Perubahan substrat menjadi
penghambat kompetitif mungkin berdasar pada stabilitas gugus kimia yang mudah
diserang (gugus vulnerable) atau mudah dimetabolisis, seperti gugus ester pada
substrat.Prosedur yang sering efektif adalah memasukkan satu atau lebih gugus
alkil kecil pada atom karbon yang berdekatan gugus vulnerable.</div>
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Contoh klasik adalah <b>asetil-β-metilkolin</b> dibanding <b>asetilkolin</b> terhadap efek enzim
asetilkolin esterase dan <b>fenilisopropilamin</b>
(<b>amfetamin</b>) dibanding feniletilamin
terhadap efek enzim monoamine oksidase.</div>
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Adanya gugus metail (R)
pada asetil-β-metilkolin dan amfetamin menyebabkan senyawa lebih tahan terhadap
enzim-enzim metabolism di atas sehingga masa kerja obat menjadi lebih panjang.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Contoh metabolit dan
antimetabolit lain adalah asam p-aminobenzoat dengan sulfonamide, dan asam
folat dengan aminopetrin atau metrotreksat.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Agonis
dan Pemblok Selektif<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Suatu
fakta bahwa apabila struktur asetilkolin dipotong sehingga tinggal molekul
tetrametil ammonium, ternyata masih menunjukkan aktivitas intrinsic yang
tertinggi karena interaksi gugus onium dengan reseptor kolinergik masih cukup
untuk aktivasi reseptor. Hilangnya gugus onium akan menghilangkan aktivitas
kolinergik.</div>
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Potensi asetlkolin 1000
kali lebih tinggi dibanding tetrametil ammonium, hal ini berarti bahwa sisa
molekul, yaitu gugus ester sangat penting untuk menunjang afinitas asetilkolin
terhadap reseptor kolinergik. Gugus ester berfungsi sebagai fasilisator
interaksi gugus onium dengan komplemen reseptor, sehingga untuk mengubah senyawa kolinergik menjadi
antikolinergik dapat dilakukan dengan subtitusi secara bertingkat gugus metal
pada gugus onium dengan gugus etil, diikuti dengan penghilangan gugus ester
dalam molekul.</div>
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Pengaruh etilasi bertingkat
dari turunan ammonium kuartener terhadap afinitas dan aktivitas intrinsic
kolinergik.</div>
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Yang berperan terhadap
aktivitas kolinergik turunan ammonium kuartener adalah gugus ester dan gugus
onium.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Hubungan
Struktur Kimia Agonis dan Antagonis irreversible Selektif<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Senyawa
yang mengandung gugus pengalkilasi atau pengasilasi mempunyai afinitas yang
tinggi terhadap tempat aksi obat dan dapat memblokadenya dengan pembentukan
ikatan kovalen melalui reaksi alkilasi atau asilasi.</div>
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Senyawa berinteraksi dengan
gugus nukleofilik seperti OH, SH atau NH<sub>2</sub> yang terdapat pada semua
makromolekul jaringan biologis, sehingga senyawa pemblok irreversible tersebut aktivitasnya
cenderung tidak selektif.</div>
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Contoh : obat antikanker
golongan senyawa pengalkilasi turunan nitrogen mustard, seperti <b>mekloretamin</b>, <b>siklofosfamid</b> dan <b>tiotepa</b>,
bekerja tidak selektif, karena dapat menghambat pertumbuhan sel kanker maupun
sel normal dalam tubuh.</div>
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Prinsip
pendudukan tempat aktif secara langsung oleh senyawa pemblok irreversible dapat
digunakan untuk mendapatkan senyawa dengan derajat selektifitas
tertentu.Senyawa yang mempunyai gugus pengalkilasi atau pengasilasi dengan
afinitas atau selektifitas yang tinggi terhadap tempat aksi atau reseptor dapat
digunakan sebagai antimetabolit kompetitif yang bersifat
irreversible.Gugus-gugus selektif tersebut dapat dipandang sebagai
antimetabolit kompetitif yang irreversible terhdapa enzim sasaran atau
antagonis kompetitif terhdapa reseptor sasaran.</div>
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Contoh : senyawa pemblok
enzim asetilkolin esterase irreversible, seperti <b>benzililkolin mustard</b>.</div>
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Senyawa
pemblok antikolinergik irreversible diasats didapat dengan memasukkan gugus
nitrogen mustar reaktif pada senyawa pemblok antikolinergik reversible
(benzililkolin).</div>
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Benzililkolin mustar dapat
berinteraksi dengan reseptor asetilkolin, melalui reaksi alkilasi, membentuk
ikatan kovalen yang bersifat irreversible ssehingga masa kerja obat menjadi
lebih panjang</div>
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BAB
III</div>
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PENUTUP</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Kesimpulan</div>
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Agonis dan antagonis kompetitif mempunyai afinitas
terhadap reseptor yang sama dan yang berbeda adalah aktivitas intrinsiknya.
Interaksi obat dengan tempat aktif atau reseptor berdasarkan pada keseimbangan
dinamik antara sifat-sifat kimia obat dan reseptor. Oleh karena itu hubungan
antara struktur kimia dan aktivitas dapat diprakirakan untuk obat-obat yang
bekerja pada reseptor yang sama.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Saran</div>
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DAFTAR
PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></div>
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http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_medisinal<o:p></o:p></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7529126109384346954.post-84015775700320095612013-01-21T17:36:00.000+08:002013-01-21T17:36:07.149+08:00HUBUNGAN STRUKTUR, KELARUTAN DAN AKTIVITAS BIOLOGIS OBAT<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Makalah kimia medisinal<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sifat kelarutan pada umumnya berhubungan dengan
kelarutan senyawa dalam media yang berbeda dan bervariasi diantara dua hal yang
ekstrem, yaitu pelarut polaar seperti air, dan pelarut non polar seperti lemak.
Sifat hidrofilik atau lipofobik berhubungan dengan kelarutan dalam air, sedang
sifat lipofilik atau lipofobik berhubungan dengan kelarutan dalam lemak. Gugus
yang dapat meningkatkan kelarutan molekul dalam air disebut gugus <b>hidrofilik (lipofobik atau polar) </b>sedangkan
gugus yang dapat meningkatkan kelarutan molekul dalam lemak disebut <b> gugus lipofilik (hidrifobik atau nonpolar)<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<td colspan="2" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 182.6pt;" valign="top" width="243"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sifat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 279.5pt;" valign="top" width="373"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gugus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td rowspan="3" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 19.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hidrofilik
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(makin ke
kanan makin menurun)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kuat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 279.5pt;" valign="top" width="373"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">-OSO<sub>2</sub>ONa,
-COONa, -SO<sub>2</sub>Na, -OSO<sub>2</sub>H<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sedang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 279.5pt;" valign="top" width="373"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">-OH, -SH,
-O, =C=O, -CHO, -NO<sub>2</sub>, -NH<sub>2</sub>, -NHR, -NR<sub>2</sub>, -CN,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> -CNS, -COOH, -COOR, -OPO<sub>3</sub>H<sub>2</sub>,
-OS<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>H<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ikatan
tak jenuh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 279.5pt;" valign="top" width="373"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">-C<u>=</u>CH,
-CH=CH<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 27.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 27.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 182.6pt;" valign="top" width="243"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lipofilik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 279.5pt;" valign="top" width="373"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Rantai
hidrokarbon alifatik,alkil,aril,hidrokarbon,polisiklik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tabel Contoh Gugus hidrofilik dan
lipofilik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gugus halogen mempunyai sifat yang khas, walaupun
mempunyai efek elektronegatif relatif kuat tetapi bila disubtitusikan pada
cincin aromatik akan bersifat lipofilik.<b>
</b>Subtitusi pada rantai alifatik gugus –I,_Br,-CL akan besifat lipofilik, sedang gugus F
bersifat hidrofilik. Hubngan sifat hidrofilik dan lipofilik dari senyawa dapat
dilihat pada Gambar dibawah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe"
filled="f" stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
</v:formulas>
<v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_0" o:spid="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75"
alt="Picture.jpg" style='width:450.75pt;height:150pt;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\'\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.jpg"
o:title="Picture"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Picture.jpg" height="200" src="file:///C:/Users/'/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_0" width="601" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gambar. Hubungan sifat hidrofilik
dan lipofilik dari senyawa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sifat kelarutan pada umumnya berhubungan dengan
aktivitas biologis dari senyawa seri homolog. Sifat keturunan juga berhubungan
erat dengan proses absorpsi obat. Hal ini penting karena intensitas aktivitas
biologis obat tergantung pada derajat absorpsinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Overton </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(1901). Mengemukakan
konsep bahwa kelarutan senyawa organik dalam lemak berhubungan dengan mudah
atau tidaknya penembusan membran sel. Senyawa non polar bersifat mudah larut
dalam lemak, mempunyai nilai koefisien partisi lemak/air besar sehingga mudah
menembus membran sel secara difusi pasif. Peran koefisien partisi terhadap
absorpsi oabt turunan barbiturat dapat dilihat pada gambar dibawah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1030"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Picture - Copy (2).jpg" style='width:253.5pt;height:327pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\'\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.jpg"
o:title="Picture - Copy (2)"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Picture - Copy (2).jpg" height="436" src="file:///C:/Users/'/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1" width="338" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gambar. Hubungan koefisien partisi lemak/air (P)
terhadap absorpsi bentuk tak terionisasi beberapa obat turunan barbiturat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pada gambar terlihat bahwa makin besar nilai
koefisin partisi (P) kloroform/air dari bentuk tak terionisasi turunan
barbiturat, makin besar presentasi obat yang diabsorpsi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Terlihat bahwa makin besar nilai koefisien partisi
(P) kloroform/air dari bentuk tak terionisasi turunan barbiturat, makin besar
besar presentasi obat yang diabsorpsi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_2"
o:spid="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Picture - Copy.jpg" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:77.25pt;margin-top:34.3pt;width:318pt;
height:94.5pt;z-index:-1;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square;
mso-wrap-distance-left:9pt;mso-wrap-distance-top:0;mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt;
mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;mso-position-horizontal:absolute;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical:absolute;
mso-position-vertical-relative:text'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\'\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.jpg"
o:title="Picture - Copy"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 126px; left: 0px; margin-left: 103px; margin-top: 46px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 424px; z-index: -1;"><img alt="Picture - Copy.jpg" height="126" src="file:///C:/Users/'/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_2" width="424" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Contoh hubungan sifat
kelarutan dalam lemak yang dinyatakan dengan kelarutan dalam kloroform dan
aktivitas biologis turunan <b>isatin-</b><i>β</i>-<b>tiosemikarbazon </b>terlihat pada tabel dibawah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Struktur
umum : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Subtituen
(R)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kelarutan
dalam kloroform<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Aktivitas
antivirus relatif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7-COOH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5-OCH3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4-CH3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4-Cl<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6-F<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7-Cl<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tidak
tersubtitusi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">29<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">32<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,03<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3,4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">8,6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">39,8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">85<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pada tabel terlihat bahwa makin meningkat sifat
kelarutan dalam kloroform dari turunan <b>isatin-</b><i>β</i>-<b>tiosemikarbazon
</b>makin meningkat<b> </b>aktivitas
antivirusnya, oleh karena makin besar kelarutan dalam lemak makin mudah senyawa
menembus membran sel virus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">AKTIVITAS
BIOLOGIS SENYAWA SERI HOMOLOG<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pada beberapa seri homolog senyawa sukar
terdisosiasi, yang perbedaan struktur hanya menyangkut perbedaaan jumlah dan
panjang rantai atom C, intensitas aktivitas biologisnya tergantung pada jumlah
atom C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Contoh
senyawa seri homolog:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">n-Alkohol,
alkilresorsinol, alkilfenol, dan alkilkresol (antibakteri)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ester
asam para-amonibenzoat (anestesi setempat)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Alkil
4,4-stilbenediol (hormon estrogen)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Makin panjang rantai samping atom C, makin bertambah
bagian molekul yang bersifat non polar dan terjadi perubahan sifat fisik,
seperti kenaikan titik didih, berkurangnya kelarutan dalam air, meningkatnya
koefisien partisi lemak/air, tegangan permukaan dan kekentalan. Perubahan sifat
fisik ini diikuti dengan peningkatan aktivitas biologis sampai tercapainya
aktivitas maksimum. Bila panjang rantai atom C terus ditingkatkan akan terjadi
penurunan aktivitas secara drastis. Hal ini disebabkan dengan makin
bertambahnya jumlah atom C, makin berkurang kelarutan senyawa dalam air, yang
berarti kelarutan dalam cairan luar sel juga berkurang, sedang kelarutan
senyawa dalam cairan luar sel berhubungan dengan proses transpor obat ke tempat
aksi atau reseptor. Oleh karena itu kelarutan dan koefisien partisi lemak/air
merupakan sifat fisik penting senyawa seri homolog untuk menghasilkan aktivitas
biologis. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hal diatas digambarkan dalam bentuk grafik oleh <b>Ferguson</b>,dengan memplot log kadar toksi
terhadap dua mikroorganisme dan log kelarutan dari n-alkohol, seperti yang
terlihat pada gambar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_i1029"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Picture 001.jpg" style='width:385.5pt;height:241.5pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\'\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.jpg"
o:title="Picture 001"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Picture 001.jpg" height="322" src="file:///C:/Users/'/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_3" width="514" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gambar. Hubungan kelarutan aktivitas antibakteri
n-alkohol primer terhadap kuman <i>Bacillus
typhosus </i>(A) dan <i>Staphylococcus
aureus </i>(B). C adalah garis kejenuhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dari garfik pada gambar 28. Terlihat adanya “garis
kejenuhan” (C), senyawa dibawah “garis kejenuhan” menunjukkan bahwa pada kadar
tersebut larutan jenuhnya dapat menimbulkan efek antibakteri, sedangkan diatas
“garis kejenuhan” senyawa tidak mempunyai kelarutan yang cukup untuk memberikan
efek bakterisid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Titik potong antara garis aktivitas senyawa seri
homolog dan “garis kejenuhan” tergantung pula pada daya tahan bakteri. Bakteri
yang lebih kebal (resisten) memerlukan
kadar senyawa yang lebih tinggi untuk membunuhnya, sehingga titik potong
terjadi lebih awal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Contoh
seri homolog:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Seri
homolog n-alkohol<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Seri homolog n-alifatik primer, pada jumlah atom C<sub>1</sub>-C<sub>7
</sub>menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri terhadap <i>Bacillus typhosus</i>yang semakin meningkat dan mencapai maksimum pada
jumlah atom C=8 (oktanol). Hal ini disebabkan makin panjang rantai ataom C,
makin bertambah bagian molekul yang bersifat non polar, koefisien partisi
lemak/air meningkat, penembusan senyawa membran bakteri meningkat, sehingga
aktivitas antibakterijuga meningkat, sampai tercapai aktivitas maksimum. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pada jumlah atom C lebih besar 8, aktivitas menurun
secara drastis. Hal ini disebabkan senyawa mempunyai kelarutan dalam air sangat
kecil, yang berarti senyawa praktis tidak larut dalam cairan luar sel, sedang
kelarutan senyawa dalam cairan luar sel berhubungan dengan proses transpor obat
ke tempat aksi atau reseptor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Terhadap <i>Staphylococcus
aureus</i> aktivitas mencapai maksimum pada jumlah atom C=5 (amilalkohol).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Rantai alkohol yang bercabang, seperti alkohol
sekunder dan tersier,mempunyai kelarutan dalam air lebih besar, nilai koefisien
partisi lemak/air lebih rendah dibandingkan alkohol primer sehingga aktivitas
antibakterinya lebih kecil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Seri
homolog 4-n-alkilresorsinol<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Aktivitas antibakteri seri homolog
4-n-alkilresorsino terhadap <i>Bacillus typhosus </i>mencapai maksimum pada
jumlah atom C=6, yaitu 4-n-heksilresorsinol (pada Gambar), sedang terhadap <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> aktivitas mencapai
maksimum jumlah atom C=9,(4-n-nonil-resorsinol). Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa
ada perbedaan sensitivitas dari senyawa seri homolog terhadap kuman yang
berbeda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_i1028"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Picture 002.jpg" style='width:318pt;height:167.25pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\'\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.jpg"
o:title="Picture 002"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Picture 002.jpg" height="223" src="file:///C:/Users/'/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4" width="424" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gambar. Aktivitas antibakteri
seri homolog 4-n-alkilresorsinol terhadap <i>Bacillus
typhosus.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Seri
homolog ester asam para-hidroksibenzoat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hubungan perubahan struktur seri homolog ester asam
para-hidroksibenzoat (PHB),dengan nilai koefisein partisi lamak/air dan aktivitas
antibakteri terhadap <i>Staphylococcus</i> <i>aureus</i> dapat dilihat pada tabel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 30.8pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ester
PBH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Koefisien
Partisi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Koefisien
Fenol terhadap <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 19.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Metil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Etil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">n-Propil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Isopropil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Alil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">n-Butil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Benzil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1,2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3,4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7,3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7,6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">119<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2,6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7,1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">37<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">83<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dari tabel terlihat bahwa turunan Isopropil dan alil
mempunyai koefisein fenol yang lebih rendah dibandingkan turunan n-propil,
karena adanya percabangan dan ikatan rangkap akan menurunkan nilai koefisien
partisi lemak/air, penembusan membran bakteri menjadi menurun, sehingga
aktivitas antibakterinya juga menurun. Juga terlihat bahwa makin besar nilai
koefisien partisi lemak/air, makin meningkat aktivitas antibakteri senyawa, dan
belum mencapai keadaan optimum. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">HUBUNGAN
KOEFISIEN PARTISI DENGAN EFEK ANESTESI SISTEMIK<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Koefisien partisi pertama kali
dihubungkan dengan aktivitas biologis, yaitu efek hipnotik dan anestesi,
obat-obat penekan sistem saraf pusatoleh <b>Overton</b>
dan <b>Mayer</b> (1899). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mereka memberikan tiga postulat
yang berhubungan dengan efek anestesi suatu senyawa, yang dikenal dengan <b>teori lemak</b>, sebaga berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Senyawa
kimia yang tidak reaktif dan mudah larut dalam lemak, seperti eter,hidrokarbon
dan hidrokarbon terhalogenasi, dapat memberikan efek narkosis pada jaringan
hidup sesuai dengan kemampuannya untuk terdistribusi ke dalam jaringan sel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Efek
terlihat jelas terutama pada sel-sel yang banyak mengandung lemak, seperti
saraf pusat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Efisiensi
anestesi atau hipnotik tergantung pada koefisien partisi lemak/air atau
distribusi senyawa dalam fasa lemak dan fasa air jaringan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dari pstulat di atas disimpulkan
bahwa ada hubungan antara aktivitas anestesi dengan koefisien partisi
lemak/air. Teori lamak hanya mengemukakan afinitas suatu senyawa terhadap
tempat aksi auat reseptor saja, dan tidak menunjukkan bagaimana mekanisme kerja
biologisnya dan juga tidak dapat menjelaskan mengapa suatu senyawa yang
mempunyai koefisien partisi lemak/air tinggi tidak selalu dapat menimbulkan
efek anestesi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Teori anestesi diatas kemungkinan
dilengkapi dengan teori-teori anestesi sistemik lain, yang berdasarkan sifat
fisik yang lain yaitu ukuran molekul (teori <b>Wulf-Featherstone) </b> dan
pembentukan mikrokristal hidrat (teori <b>Pauling</b>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">PRINSIP
FERGUSON<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Banyak senyawa kimia dengan
struktur berbeda tetapi mempunyai sifat fisik yang sama, sepert eter,kloroform
dan nitrogen oksida, dapat menimbulkan efek narkosis atau anestesi sistemik.
Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa sifat fisik lebih berperan dibandingkan sifat kimia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dari percobaan diketahui bahwa
efek anestesi cepat terjadi dan dipertahankan pada tingkat yang sama asalkan
ada cadangan obat dalam cairan tubuh. Bila cadangan itu habis maka efek
anestesi segara berakhir. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa ada keseimbangan kadar
obat pada fasa eksternal atau cairan luar sel dan biofasa, yaitu fasa pada
tempat aksi obat dalam organisme.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pada banyak senyawa seri homolog
aktivitas akan meningkat sesuai dengan kenaikan jumlah atom C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Fuhner</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (1904), mendapatkan
bahwa untuk mencapai aktivitas sama, anggota seri homolog yang lebh tinggi
memerlukan kadar lebih rendah, sesuai parsamaan deret ukur sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1/3<sup>1</sup>,1/3<sup>2</sup>,1/3<sup>3</sup>,1/3<sup>4</sup>,......1/3<sup>n</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hal tersebut terjadi pada seri
homolog obatpenekan sistem saraf pusat, seperti turunan alkohol,keton, amin,
ester, uretan dan hidrokarbon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perubahan sifat fisik tertentu
dari suatu seri homolog , seperti tekanan uap, kelarutan dalam air, tegangan
permukaan dan distribusi dalam pelarut yang saling tidak campur, kadang-kadang
juga sesuai dengan deret ukur. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Nilai ligaritma sifat-sifat fisik
non-alkohol primer bila dihubungkan dengan jumlah atom C ternyata memberikan
hubungan yang linier dan hubungan ini dapat dilihat pada gambar dibawah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_5" o:spid="_x0000_i1027"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Picture 003.jpg" style='width:350.25pt;height:145.5pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\'\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.jpg"
o:title="Picture 003"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Picture 003.jpg" height="194" src="file:///C:/Users/'/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_5" width="467" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gambar. Hubungan
sifat-sifat n-alkohol primer dengan jumlah atom C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keterangan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kelarutan
dalam air (mol x 10<sup>-6</sup>/l)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kadar
toksis terhadap <i>Bacillus typhosus </i>(mol
x 10<sup>-6</sup>/l)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kadar
yang diperlukan untuk menurunkan tegangan permukaan air menjadi 50 <i>dynes/cm</i> (mol x 10<sup>-6</sup>/l)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tekanan
uap pada 25°C (mm x 10<sup>4</sup>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Koefisien
partisi air/minyak biji kapas ( x 10<sup>-3</sup>) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menurut <b>Ferguson, </b>kadar molar toksik sangat ditentukan oleh keseimbangn
distribusi pada fasa-fasa yang heterogen, yaitu fasa eksternal, yang kadar
senyawanya dapat diukur dan biofasa. Farguson menyatakan bahwa sebenarnya tidak
perlu menentukan kadar obat biofasa atau reseptor karena pada keseimbangan
kecenderungan obat untuk meninggalkan biofasa dan fasa eksternal adalah sama,
walaupun kadar obat dalam masing-masing fasa mungkin berbeda. Kecenderungan
obat untuk meninggalkan fasa disebut <b>aktivitas
termodinamik.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Untuk menjelaskan kecenderungan
obat dalam meninggalkan biofasa dan fasa eksternal, derajat kejenuhan
masing-masing fasa merupakan pendekatan yang cukup beralasan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Aktivitas termodinamik (a) dari
obat yang berupa gas atau uap dapat dihitung melalui persamaan sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a=P<sub>t</sub>/P<sub>s<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">P<sub>t </sub>: tekanan persial
senyawa dalam larutan, yang diperlukan untuk menimbulkan efek biologis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">P<sub>s</sub> : tekanan uap jenuh
senyawa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Aktivitas termodinamik (a) dari
obat yang berupa larutan dapat dihitung melalui persamaan sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a= S<sub>t</sub>/S<sub>0<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">S<sub>t</sub> : kadar molar
senyawa yang diperlukan untuk menimbulkan efek biologis <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">S<sub>0</sub> : kelarutan senyawa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Karena harga P<sub>s </sub>dan S<sub>o</sub>
tetap maka dimungkinkan untuk menentukan dan mengamati perubahan P<sub>t</sub>
dan S<sub>t</sub>. Bila senyawa mempunyai tekanan parsial tinggi atau kadar
dalam fasa eksternal tinggi maka perbandingan P<sub>t</sub>/P<sub>s </sub>dan S<sub>t</sub>/S<sub>0</sub>
besar, biasanya berkisar antara 1-0,01, hal ini berarti senyawa didistribusikan
ke seluruh organisme tanpa diikat secara tetap dalam sel dan keseimbangan
terjadi pada fasa eksternal dan biofasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Demikian pula sebaliknya nila
perbandingan P<sub>t</sub>/P<sub>s</sub> atau S<sub>t</sub>/S<sub>0 </sub>rendah,
biasanya kurang dari 0,01, senyawa akan terikat pada reseptor tertentu dalam
sel organisme dan keseimbangan anatara obat dan reseptor terjadi pada sel atau
di dalamnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Contoh hubungan penghambat enzim
suksinat dehidrogenase oleh beberapa senyawa dengan aktivitas termodinamik
dapat dilihat pada tabel ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Senyawa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 210.5pt;" valign="top" width="281"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kadar
molar yang menyebabkan penghambat 50% masukan oksigen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Aktivitas
termodinamik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.55pt;" valign="top" width="130"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Etiluretan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Feniluretan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Propionitril<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Valeronitril<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">vanilin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 210.5pt;" valign="top" width="281"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,65<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,003<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,48<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,08<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,011<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,117<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,36<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,0002<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tabel : Penghambat enzim
suksinat dehidrogenase dan aktivitas termodinamik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pada tabel terlihat hubungan
bahwa senyawa 1 sampai 4, menunjukkan aktivitas termodinamik yang lebih besar
dari 0,01 dan aktivitas biologis dihasilkan oleh sifat kimia fisika dari
senyawa dan struktur senyawa bersifat tidak spesifik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Vanilin mempunyai nilai aktivitas
termodinamik sangat rendah, lebih kecil dari 0,01 dan diduga aktivitas
biologisnya dihasilkan oleh struktur kimia obat yang spesifik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Berdasarkan model kerja
farmakologisnya, secara umum obat dibagi menjadi dua golongan yaitu senyawa berstruktur
tidak spesifik dan senyawa berstruktur spesifik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Senyawa
Berstruktur Tidak Spesifik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Senyawa berstruktur tidak
spesifik adalah senyawa dengan truktur kimia bervariasi, tidak berinteraksi
dengan reseptor spesifik, dan aktivitas biologisnya tidak secara langsung
dipengaruhi oleh struktur kimia tetapi lebih dipengaruhi oleh sifat-sifat kimia
fisika, seperti derajat ionisasi, kelarutan, aktivitas termodinamik, tegangan
permukaan dan redoks potensial. Terlihat bahwa efek biologis karena akumulasi
obat pada daerah yang penting dari sel sehingga menyebabkan ketidakteraturan
rantai proses metabolisme.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Senyawa berstruktur tidak
spesifik menunjukkan aktivitas fisik denga karakteristik sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Efek
biologis berhubungan langsung dengan aktivitas termodinamik, dan memerlukan
dosis yang relatif besar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Walaupun
perrbedaan struktur kimia besar, asal aktivitas termodinamik hampir sama akan
memberikan efek yang sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ada
keseimbangan kadar obat dalam biofasa dan fasa eksternal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bila
terjadi keseimbangan, aktivitas termodinamik masing-masing fasa harus sama<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pengukur
aktivitas termodinamik pada fasa ekternal juga mencerminkan aktivitas
termodinamik biofasa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Senyawa
dengan derajat kejenuhan yang sama, mempunyai aktivitas termodinamik sama
sehingga derajat efek biologis sama pula. Oleh karena itu larutan jenuh dari
senyawa dengan sruktur yang berbeda dapat memberikan efek biologis yang sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Contoh senyawa berstruktur spesifik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Obat anestesi sistemik </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> yang berupa gas atau uap, seperti etil
klorida, asetilen, nitrogen oksida, eter dan kloroform. Kadar isoanestesi
bervariasi antara 0,05-100% sedang aktivitas termodinamik variasinya berkisar
anatara 0,01-0,05% seperti pada tabel berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 26.95pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 26.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.4pt;" valign="top" width="154"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Nama Gas/Uap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 26.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">P uap (P<sub>s</sub>) mm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 26.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.7pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kadar Anestesi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 26.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.55pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">P parsial (P<sub>t</sub>) mm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 26.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.05pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(P<sub>t</sub>/P<sub>s</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 7.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.4pt;" valign="top" width="154"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Nitrogen
Oksida<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Etilen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Asetilen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Etil
Klorida<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Etil
eter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Vinil
eter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Etil
bromida<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kloroform<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">59.300<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">49.500<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">51.700<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.780<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">830<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">760<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">725<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">324<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.7pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">65<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1,9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.55pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">760<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">610<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">495<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">38<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">38<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.05pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,01<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,01<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,01<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,02<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,05<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,01<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,02<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,01<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tabel
: Hubungan kadar isoanestesi beberapa obat anestesi, yang berupa uap atau gas,
dengan aktivitas termodinamik, pada manusia (pada suhu 37°C)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Insektisida </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">yang mudah menguap dan
bakterisida tertentu, seperti timol, fenol, kresol, n-alkohol dan resorsinol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Contoh
: hubungan kadar bakterisid dari beberapa insektisida yang mudah menguap
terhadap <i>Salmonella typhosa </i>dengan
aktivitas termodinamik pada tabel berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" valign="top" width="154"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Nama
Obat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" valign="top" width="154"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kadar
bakterisid (S<sub>t</sub>) Molar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kalarutan
(S<sub>o</sub>) molar, 25°C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(a)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(S<sub>t</sub>/S<sub>o</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" valign="top" width="154"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Timol <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Oktanol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">o-Kresol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Fenol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Anilin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sikloheksanol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Metilpropilketon<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Metiletilketon<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Butiraldehid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Propaldehid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Resorsinol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Aseton<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Matanol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" valign="top" width="154"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,0022<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,0034<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,039<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,097<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,39<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,39<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1,08<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3,09<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3,89<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">10,8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,0057<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,004<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,23<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,90<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,38<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,70<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3,13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,51<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2,88<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6,08<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,38<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,88<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,44<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,47<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,56<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,76<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,37<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,54<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,33<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pada tabel ini terlihat bahwa
seri homolog n-alkohol primer kadar antbakteri dari metanol sampai oktanol
berkisar antara 10,8-0,0034 molar sedang aktivitas termodinamiknya antara
0,33-0,88. Dengan membandingkan nilai S<sub>t</sub> dan S<sub>o </sub>dari
metanol dan oktanoldapat diketahui bahwa obat yang aktivitasnya tinggi
mempunyai kelarutan dalam air rendah atau kelarutan dalam lemak besar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Senyawa
Berstruktur Spesifik <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Senyawa berstruktur spesifik
adalah senyawa yang memberikan efeknya dengan mengikat reseptor atau aseptor
yang spesifik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mekanisme kerjanya dapat melalui
salah satu cara berikut ini:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bekerja
pada enzim, yaitu dengan cara pengaktifan, penghambatan atau pengaktifan
kembali enzim-enzim tubuh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Antagonis,
yaitu antagonis kimia, fungsional, farmakologis atau antagonis metabolik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menekan
fungsi gen, yaitu dengan menghambat biosintesis asam nukleat atau sintesis
protein<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bekerja
pada membran, yaitu dengan mengubah membran sel dan mempengaruhi sistem
transpor membran sel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Aktivitas biologis senyawa
berstruktur spesifik tidak bergantung pada aktivitas termodinamik, nilai a
lebih kecil dari 0,01 , tetapi lebih bergantung pada struktur kimia yang
spesifik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kereaktifan kimia, bentuk,
ukuran, dan pengaturan stereokimia molekul, distribusi gugus fungsional, efek
induksi dan resonansi, distribusi elektronik dan interaksi dengan reseptor
mempunyai eran yang menentukan untuk terjadinya aktivitas biologis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Senyawa berstruktur spesifik
mempunyai karakteristik sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Efektif
pada kadar yang rendah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Melibatkan
keseimbangan kadar obat dalam biofasa dan fasa eksternal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Melibatkan
ikatan-ikatan kimia yang lebih kuat dibandingkan ikatan pada senyawa yang
berstruktur tidak spesifik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pada
keadaan kesetimbangan aktivitas biologisnya maksimal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sifat
fisik dan kimia sama-sama berperan dalan menentukan efek biologis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Secara
umum mempunyai struktur dasar karakteristik yang bertanggung jawab terhadap
efek biologis senyawa analog<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sedikit
perubahan struktur dapat mempengaruhi secara drastis aktivitas biologis obat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Contoh obat berstruktur spesifik
antara lain : Analgesik (morfin), antihistamin (difenhidramin), diuretika
penghambat monoamin oksidase (asetazolamid) dan <i>β</i> – adrenergik ( salbutamol).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pada senyawa berstruktur spesifik
sedikit perubahan struktur kimia dapat berpengaruh terhadap aktivitas
biologisnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Contoh:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_6" o:spid="_x0000_i1026"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Picture 005.jpg" style='width:351pt;height:348.75pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\'\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.jpg"
o:title="Picture 005"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Picture 005.jpg" height="465" src="file:///C:/Users/'/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_6" width="468" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perbedaan antara senyawa
berstruktur spesifik dan nonspesifik tidak cukup dipandang dari satu atau dua
perbedaan karakteristik senyawa tetapi harus dipandang sifat atau karakteristik
secara keseluruhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sering pada obat tertentu tidak
mempunyai struktur yang mirip tetapi menunjukkan efek farmakologis yang sama,
dan perubahan sedikit struktur tidak mempengaruhi efek.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sebagai contoh adalah obat
diuretik yang mempunyai struktur kimia sangat bervariasi, contoh turunan
merkuri organik, turunan sulfamid, turunan tiazid, dan spironolakton. Sedikit
modifikasi struktur tidak mempengaruhi aktivitas diuretik dari masing-masing
turunan. Ini merupakan salah satu karakteristik dari senyawa berstruktur
spesifik. Hal tersebut dapat dijelaskan bahwa obat diuretik menghasilkan
respons farmakologis yang sama tetapi masing-masing turunan mempengaruhi proses
biokimia yang berbeda, jadi mekanisme aksinya berbeda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_7" o:spid="_x0000_i1025"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Picture 006.jpg" style='width:417pt;height:171.75pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\'\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image015.jpg"
o:title="Picture 006"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Picture 006.jpg" height="229" src="file:///C:/Users/'/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_7" width="556" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Turunan merkuri organik, seperti <b>klormerodrin, </b> bekerja sebagai diuretik dengan mengikat gugus
SH enzim <i>Na, K-dependent ATP-ase,</i>
yang bertanggung jawab terhadap produksi energi yang diperlukan untuk
reabsorpsi Na di membran tubulus, turunan sulfamid, seperti <b>asetazolamid, </b>bekerja dengan menghambat
enzim karbonik anhidrase, turunan tiazid seperti <b>hidroklorotiazid, </b>menghambat reabsorpsi Na tubulus ginjal, dan <b>spironolakton </b>bekerja sebagai antagonis
aldosteron, senyawa yang mengatur keseimbangan elektrolit dalam tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Fenomena di atas menunjang
pengertian bahwa mekanisme aksi obat pada tingkat molekul dapat melalui
beberapa jalan, dan ini memberikan penjelasan mengapa obat dengan tipe struktur
berbeda dapat menunjukkan respons farmakologis yang sama. Sebanarnya sulit
memisahkan antara senyawa berstruktur tidak spesifikdan spesifik karena banyak
senyawa yang berstruktur spesifik, seperti antibiotika turunan penisilin, tidak
berinteraksi secara spesifik dengan reseptor pada tubuh manusia, tetapi
beinteraksi dengan reseptor spesifik yang terlibat pada proses pembentukan
dinding sel bakteri. Jadi aktivitas antibakterinya terutama ditentukan oleh
sifat kimia fisika seperti sifat lipofilik dan elektronik yang berperan pada
proses distribusi obat sehingga senyawa dapat mencapai jaringan target dengan
kadar yang cukup besar.</span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7529126109384346954.post-52586338304980724682013-01-21T17:35:00.000+08:002013-01-21T17:35:07.833+08:00Hubungan Kualitatif Struktur - Aktivitas<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Makalah kimia medisinal<br />
<a name='more'></a><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB
II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">II.1
Aktivitas Obat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Obat – obatan modern atau sintetis yang
kebanyakan beredar dimasyarakat pada umumnya terdiri dari dua bahan utama yaitu
zat aktif dan zat tambahan. Zat aktif inilah yang menjadi inti dari obat dalam
proses penyembuhan. Zat aktif obat melalui berbagai proses (melakukan berbagai aktivitas) sehingga
menghadirkan efek pada target.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">II.1.1
Aktivitas pada Fase Farmakodinamik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk memberikan efek biologis, obat
dalam bentuk aktifnya harus berinteraksi dengan reseptor atau tempat aksi atau
sel target, dengan kadar yang cukup tinggi. Sebelum mencapai reseptor, obat
terlebih dulu harus melalui proses farmakokinetik. Faktor – faktor penentu
dalam proses farmakokinetik adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem
kompartemen dalam cairan tubuh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Protein
plasma, protein jaringan dan berbagai senyawa biologis yang mungkin dapat
mengikat obat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Distribusi
obat dalam berbagai sistem kompartemen biologis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dosis
dan sediaan obat, trasn</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">s</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">por
antar kompartemen seperti proses absorpsi, bioaktivasi, biodegradasi dan ekskresi,
yang menentukan lama obat dalam tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bila proses – proses
absorpsi, distribusi dan eliminasi obat dalam sistem multikompartemen biologis
berdasarkan pada difusi pasif dan bila kapasitas kompartemen tergantung pada
nilai koefisien partisi obat, maka kadar obat dalam berbagai kompartemen akan
meningkat sesuai dengan dosis yang digunakan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">II.1.2
Aktivitas yang Terjadi pada Proses Farmakokinetik Lingkungan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahan yang bersifat toksik terhadap
manusia dan makhluk hidup lain termasuk dalam rancangan obat, agar diperoleh
senyawa yang masih tetap efektif terhadap sasaran tetapi aman dan tidak toksik
bagi lingkungan. Farmakokinetik lingkungan mempelajari tentang interaksi antara
makhluk hidup (manusia, hewan dan tumbuh – tumbuhan) dengan senyawa – senyawa kimia
yang tersebar di lingkungan. Perjalanan senyawa bioaktif dalam lingkungan
melalui berbagai bentuk kehidupan melalui berbagai bentuk kehidupan, sehingga
perlu monitoring atau kontrol kadar senyawa tersebut dalam usaha membentuk
suatu lingkungan yang sehat. Studi farmakokinetik lingkungan meliputi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ekosistem
atau populasi dalam lingkungan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Polutan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Senyawa
anorganik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">II.1.3
Aktivitas oleh Induksi dari Efek</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Aktivitas biologis suatu obat diperoleh
setelah senyawa berinteraksi dengan molekul spesifik dalam objek biologis.
Interaksi tersebut ditunjang dengan spesifitas sifat fisika kimia senyawa yang
tinggi, terutama sifat sterik dan distribusi muatan. Biopolimer yang berfungsi
mengatur proses – proses biokimia dalam tubuh seperti enzim dan asam nukleat,
merupakan calon tempat aksi obat. Bila perubahan konformasi polimer penting
untuk aktivitas obat, pendudukan tempat aksi oleh obat akan menetukan lama
tidaknya efek biologis obat tersebut. Kekuatan respons biologis obat tergantung
pada :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah
tempat reseptor yang diduduki<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rata
– rata lama pendudukan, yang tergantung pada kecepatan disosiasi kompleks obat
– reseptor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kemampuan
atau kapasitas molekul obat untuk menginduksi perubahan bentuk koformasi
biopolimer, yang dibutuhkan sebagai pemicu rangsangan timbulnya respons
biologis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">II.1.4
Afinitas dan Aktivitas Intrinsik</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Setiap struktur molekul obat harus
mengandung bagian yang secara bebas dapat menunjang afinitas interaksi obat –
reseptor dan mempunyai efisiensi untuk menimbulkan respons biologis sebagai
akibat pembentukan kompleks obat reseptor. Jadi respons biologis merupakan
fungsi dari jumlah kompleks obat – reseptor. Parameter induksi efek pada
reseptor spesifik adalah sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Afinitas molekul obat
dengan reseptor, yang ditentukan oleh kekuatan ikatan obat – reseptor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Komples obat – reseptor
yang memungkinkan terjadinya perubahan dan distribusi nuatan reseptor sehingga
timbul rangsangan atau respons yang sesuai. Kemampuan untuk meninmbulkan
biologis disebut <i>aktivitas intrinsik</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Afinitas adalah ukuran kemampuan
obat untuk mengikat reseptor . afinitas sangat bergantung pada struktur molekul
obat dan sisi reseptor. Aktivitas afinitas adalah ukuran kemampuan obat untuk
dapat memulai timbulnya respons biologis. Aktivitas intrinsik merupakan
karakteristik dari senyawa – senyawa agonis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">II.1.5
Aktivitas pada Percobaan <i>in vivo </i>dan <i>in vitro<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Aktivitas biologis pada percobaan <i>in vivo</i> adalah suatu integrasi dan keseimbangan yang kompleks dari
sifat kimia fisika senyawa, yang ditentukan oleh berbagai kondisi biologis atau
biokimia dan biofisika pada berbagai fasa dari aktivitas obat. Hubungan
struktur-aktivitas pada percobaan <i>in vivo
</i>sering tidak memuaskan karena banyaknya perbedaan dari tahap – tahap yang terlibat dalam aktivitas obat. Dengan
memperkecil jumlah tahap – tahap, diharapkan dapat memperkecil jumlah
persyaratan – persyaratan, sehingga hubungan struktur-aktivitas menjadi lebih
jelas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Studi obat secara <i>in vitro </i>pada percobaan dengan menggunakan organ yang terisolasi,
pengaruh dari trasnpor, perubahan kimia, metabolisme dan ekskresi obat menjadi
minimal dan distribusi menjadi lebih sederhana, sehingga diharapkan hubungan
struktur-aktivitas menjadi lebih jelas. Dengan sistem uji <i>in vitro </i>yang baik, akan didapat informasi mengenai sifat kimia
obat yang berperan terhadapt aktivitas, bagian struktur molekul obat yang
berinteraksi dengan reseptor (gugus fungsi) dan penyebab dari efek. Sifat kimia
obat merupakan bagian yang penting untuk terjadinya efek biologis. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">II.1.6
Aktivitas dari Senyawa Multipoten<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hubungan antara komponen yang bervariasi
dalam spektrum aktivitas senyawa multipoten mempunyai kemungkingan bervariasi,
yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Komponen
yang bervariasi dalam aktivitas biologis disebabkan oleh interaksi obat dengan
tipe reseptor yang berbeda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Komponen
yang bervariasi dalam spektrum aktivitas disebabkan oleh tipe molekul yang
berbeda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Komponen
yang bervariasi dalam spektrum aktivitas kemungkinan merupakan aspek yang
mendasar dari satu tipe unit aksi farmakologis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hilangnya
satu komponen aktivitas dalam spektrum aktivitas dari turunan obat tertentu
kemungkinan disebabkan oleh perbedaan distribusi, tidak boleh pemisahan yang
mendasar dari aktivitas komponen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">II.1.7
Efek Terapetik dan Efek Samping</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Spektrum efek dari senyawa multipoten
dapat dibedakan dalam efek tarapetik dan efek samping atau efek yang diinginkan
dan efek yang tidak diinginkan. Kualifikasi efek tarapetik atau efek samping
dapat relatif subyektif. Untuk mencapai tujuan pengembangan obat dapat
dilakukan dengan menghilangkan salah satu komponen aktivitas dari spektrum
aktivitas obat atau memisahkan dua komponen aktivitas dari satu obat menjadi
dua senyawa yang berbeda, melalui manipulasi molekul.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">II.2
Hubungan Struktur – Aktivitas<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Aktivitas biologis suatu obat diperoleh
setelah terjadi interaksi senyawa dengan molekul spesifik dalam obyek biologis.
Interaksi tersebut ditunjang dengan spesifitas sifat kimia fisika senyawa yang
tinggi. Aktivitas obat berhubungan dengan sifat kimia fisika obat, dan
merupakan fungsi dari struktur molekul obat. Hubungan struktur kimia dan
aktivitas biologis yang tidak baik dapat disebabkan oleh kurang baiknya metode
penelitian yang digunakan. Pengetahuan tentang hubungan struktur kimia dan
aktivitas biologis merupakan dasar penting dari penggunaan rancangan obat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">II.2.1
Faktor yang Kurang Mendukung Hubungan Struktur-Aktivitas</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perbedaan
keadaan pengukuran parameter kimia fisika dan aktivitas biologis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sennyawa
yang digunakan ternyata bentuk pra-obat, yang terlebih dahulu harus mengalami
bioaktivasi menjadi metabolit aktif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Aktivitas
obat dipengaruhi oleh banyak keadaan <i>in
vivo</i>, seperti distribusi obat yang melibatkan proses transpor, pengikatan
oleh protein, proses metabolisme yaitu bioaktivasi dan biodegradasi, serta
proses ekskresi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Senyawa
mempunyai pusat atom asimetris, sehingga kemungkinan merupakan campuran
rasemat, dan masing – masing isomer mempunyai derajat aktivitas yang berbeda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Senyawa mempunyai aktivitas biologis yang
mirip dengan senyawa lain tetapi berbeda mekanisme aksinya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengaruh
bentuk sediaan terhadap aktivitas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Obat
bersifat multipoten<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perbedaan
spesies, terutama obat yang memberikan perbedaan aktivitas yang besar oleh adanya
perbedaan spesies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">II.2.2
Faktor yang Mendukung Hubungan Struktur-Aktivitas<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hubungan
struktur-aktivitas empiris yang sifatnya insidental<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Struktur
obat simetrik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">II.2.3
Hubungan Struktur-Aktivitas yang Sebenarnya<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Aktivitas biologis merupakan refleksi sifat
kimia fisika dari senyawa bioaktif, sehingga hubungan struktur-aktivitas
seharusnya ada hukum yeng tertentu. Contoh pada seri homolog sederhana R(CH<sub>2</sub>)nCH<sub>3</sub>
dan R(CH<sub>2</sub>)nR’, lipofitas atau kemampuan untuk membentuk ikatan
hidrofob berubah secara teratur sesuai dengan jumlah n.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Aspek utama hubungan struktur-aktivitas
secara umum didapatkan antar senyawa dengan pusat asimetri yaitu
diastereoisomer dan antar senyawa enansiomer yang mempunyai sifat kimia fisika
sangat mirip. Enansiomer berhubungan erat dengan sifat kimia fisika. Mereka
hanya berbeda sifat steriknya, tetapi biasanya mempunyai sifat lipofil,
polaritas dan distribusi muatan yang sama. Perbandingan aktivitas enansiomer
dengan campuran rasematnya menunjukan hubungan yang khas.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB
III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PENUTUP</span></b><b style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">III.1
Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hubungan struktur-aktivitas obat dalam
tubuh secara umum didapatkan antar senyawa dengan pusat asimetri yaitu
diastereoisomer dan antar senyawa enansiomer yang mempunyai sifat kimia fisika
sangat mirip.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">III.2
Saran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sistem pengobatan yang ada akan menjadi
lebih baik lagi jika berhasil menemukan obat yang dalam aktivitasnya di dalam
tubuh dapat bekerja secara langsung atau spesifik terhadap target tanpa dapat
terpengaruh dengan lingkungan yang mirip dengan target sehingga bisa terjadi kesalahan interaksi obat.</span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7529126109384346954.post-31423284280302851582013-01-21T17:26:00.000+08:002013-01-21T17:26:09.225+08:00HUBUNGAN KUANTITATIF STRUKTUR – AKTIVITAS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Makalah kimia medisinal....<br />
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">HUBUNGAN KUANTITATIF
STRUKTUR – AKTIVITAS</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">nt</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">e</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">raksi obat – reseptor
ditentukan oleh parameter fisikokimia obat itu : kepolaran, pengionan, dan
kerapatan elektron . Semua sifat elektronik obat ditentukan oleh susunan atom,
bentuk, dan ukuran molekul obat dengan
perkataan lain, oleh struktur kimianya. Karena parameter fisikokimia ini dapat
diukur dan dinyatakan secara kuantitatif, maka gaya ikatan antarmolekul sebagai
fungsi struktur mestinya juga mempunyai nilai dengan angka. Maka, jika kerja
hayati obat yang termasuk dalam satu seri dapat diukur dan cara kerjanya dalam
seri itu serupa, maka hubungan kuantitatif struktur - aktivitas (HKSA) harus
dapat pula dihitung. Tetapi, walaupun dengan segala upaya dan aksal HKSA tetap
merupakan tantangan yang belum sepenuhnya terlaksana. Hal ini dapat dipahami
jika kita sadari bahwa ada kerumitan besar yang berhubungan dengan molekul obat
yang kecil sekalipun, apalagi reseptor makromolekul yang belum banyak kita
kenal, atau bahkan seluk-beluk seluruh system kehidupan yang sangat
rumit.Pemilihan sejumlah parameter-kunci kimia dan biologi yang dapat dipakai
pada penentuan HKSA, beserta kutak-katik statistiknya yang tepat, merupakan
proses spontan tersendiri dengan segi
epistemologi yang agak kuat. Ganellin (1977) dan Barlow (1979) mengungkapkan
analisis mendalam tentang harapan, prestasi, kesulitan dan jebakan HKSA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan
kuantitatif struktur kimia dan aktivitas biologis obat (HKSA) merupakan bagian
penting rancangan obat, dalam usaha untuk mendapatkan suatu obat baru dengan
aktivitas yang lebih besar, keselektifan yang lebih tinggi, toksisitas atau
efek samping sekecil mungkin dan kenyamanan yang lebih besar. Selain itu dengan
menggunakan model HKSA, akan lebih banyak menghemat biaya atau lebih ekonomis,
karena untuk mendapatkan obat baru dengan aktivitas yang dikehendaki, faktor
coba-coba ditekan sekecil mungkin sehingga jalur sintesis menjadi lebih pendek.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN">Ada beberapa model pendekatan
hubungan kuantitatif struktur-aktivitas, antara lain adalah pendekatan HKSA
Free-Wilson, pendekatan HKSA Hansch, pendekatan mekanika kuantum dan pendekatan
konektivitas molekul.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1 Metode
Pendekatan HKSA Free-Wilson<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> Free
dan Wilson (1964), mengembangkan suatu konsep hubungan struktur dan aktivitas
biologis obat, yang dinamakan model de novo atau model matematik Free-Wilson.
Mereka mengemukakan bahwa respons biologis merupakan sumbangan aktivitas dari
gugus-gugus substituen terhadap aktivitas biologis senyawa induk, yang
dinyatakan melalui persamaan berikut :</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Log 1/C = </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='mso-ascii-font-family:
"Cambria Math"'><m:r>∑</m:r></span></i></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -17.5pt; position: relative; top: 17.5pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
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<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:formulas>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="37" src="file:///C:/Users/'/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="11" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> S + µ (1)</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> Ket : Log 1/C : logaritma aktivitas biologis</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='mso-ascii-font-family:
"Cambria Math"'><m:r>∑</m:r></span></i></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -17.5pt; position: relative; top: 17.5pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:8.25pt;height:27.75pt'>
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o:title="" chromakey="white"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="37" src="file:///C:/Users/'/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="11" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"> S : total sumbangan substituen terhadap
aktivitas biologis senyawa induk</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> µ : aktivitas biologis senyawa induk</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> Pada
substitusi bermacam-macam gugus pada daerah atau zona yang berbeda dalam
struktur senyawa induk, maka :</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Log 1/C = ∑ A<sub>n</sub> . B<sub>n</sub>
+ µ (2)</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span lang="IN">Ket : ∑ A<sub>n</sub> . B<sub>n </sub>:
total sumbangan aktivitas dari n substituen dalam n zona terhadap aktivitas
senyawa induk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN">Jumlah senyawa yang disintesis
merupakan hasil kali jumlah substituen pada tiap-tiap zona dari senyawa induk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN">Contohnya suatu turunan
senyawa induk akan dilakukan modifikasi struktur pada 3 daerah kedudukan (zona)
dengan memasukkan 3 macam substituen, maka dimingkinkan sintesis sebanyak 3 x 3
x 3 = 27 senyawa. Jumlah minimal senyawa yang disintesis (N) untuk dapat
dianalisis dengan model Free-Wilson dinyatakan
melalui persamaan sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN">N = 1 + ∑<sup>j</sup>
(n<sub>i</sub>-1)</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN">Ket : j : jumlah kedudukan substituen (zona)</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN"> Ni : jumlah
substituen pada kedudukan i.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN">Contoh model de novo Free-Wilson
: HKSA turunan 6-deositetrasiklin terhadap <i>Staphylococcus
aureus</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> Bila
persamaan (2) dijabarkan lebih lanjut sesuai dengan percobaan di atas,
didapatkan persamaan sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> Metode
de novo ini kurang berkembang karena tidak dapat digunakan bila efek subtituen
bersifat tidak linier atau bila ada interaksi antar subtituen. Selain itu,
model ini memerlukan banyak senyawa dengan kombinasi substituen yang bervariasi
untuk dapat menarik kesimpulan yang benar. Meskipun demikian, model ini juga
mempunyai keuntungan karena dapat menghubungkan secara kuantitatif antara
struktur kimia dan aktivitas biologis dari turunan senyawa dengan
bermacam-macam gugus substitusi pada berbagai zona. Model ini digunakan bila
tidak ada data tetapan fisika dari senyawa-senyawa yang diteliti dan uji
aktivitas lebih lambat dibanding dengan sintesis turunan senyawa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2 Metode
Pendekatan HKSA Hansch<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> Hansch
(1963), mengemukakan suatu konsep bahwa hubungan struktur kimia dengan
aktivitas biologis (log 1/C) suatu turunan senyawa dapat dinyatakan secara
kuantitatif melalui parameter-parameter sifat kimia fisika dari substituen
yaitu parameter hidrofobik (π), elektronik (σ), dan sterik (E<sub>s</sub>).
Model pendekatan ini disebut pula model hubungan energi bebas linier (linear free
energy relationship = LFER) atau pendekatan ekstratermodinamik.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> Ket
: C : Kadar untuk respons biologis baku</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">∑ π, ∑ σ dan ∑ E<sub>s </sub>: sumbangan sifat-sifat
lipofilik, elektronik dan sterik dari gugus-gugus terhadap sifat-sifat senyawa
induk yang berhubungan dengan aktivitas biologis</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">a, b, c, d : bilangan (tetapan) yang didapat dari
perhitungan analisis regresi linier.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN">2.2.1<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN">Parameter Sifat Kimia Fisika dalam HKSA Model Hansch<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN">Parameter sifat kimia fisika
yang sering digunakan dalam HKSA model Hansch adalah parameter hidrofobik,
elektronik, dan sterik.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN"> Pada proses distribusi atau pengangkutan obat, penembusan membran
biologis sangat dipengaruhi oleh sifat kelarutan obat dalam lemak/air, suasana
pH dan derajat ionisasi (pKa) sehingga dalam hubungan kuantitatif struktur dan
aktivitas, parameter sifat kimia fisika yang sering dilibatkan adalah parameter
hidrofobik dan elektronik. Pada proses distribusi obat pengaruh sifat
hidrofobik pada umumnya lebih besar dibanding sifat elektronik.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Proses interaksi obat-reseptor
sangat dipengaruhi oleh ikatan kimia, kerapatan elektron, ukuran molekul dan
efek stereokimia. Dalam hubungan struktur dan aktivitas, ketiga parameter sifat
kimia fisika di atas ikut dilibatkan, terutama parameter elektronik dan sterik.</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN">2.2.2<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN">Analisis Statistik dalam HKSA Model Hansch<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN">Perhitungan statistik yang
sering digunakan dalam hubungan struktur dan aktivitas melalui
parameter-parameter kimia fisika adalah analisis regresi linier dan non linier.
Untuk mengetahui hubungan kuantitatif antara struktur kimia dan aktivitas
biologis melalui parameter kimia fisika, dapat dilakukan perhitungan statistik
dengan bantuan komputer, menggunakan program MICROSAT, ABSTAT, QSAR,
STATGRAPHIC, STATISTICA, SIGMASTAT, SPSS atau program statistik yang lain.</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN">Regresi linier<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN">Perhitungan regresi linier digunakan untuk mencari hubungan antara
aktivitas biologis dengan satu parameter kimia fisika atau lebih.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Regresi linier untuk satu parameter kimia fisika dinyatakan melalui
persamaan berikut.</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN">Regresi non linier<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN">Regresi non linier untuk parameter kimia fisika dapat dinyatakan
melalui persamaan sebagai berikut.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Dalam HKSA, model hansch
lebih berkembang dan lebih banyak digunakan dibandingkan model de novo
Free-Wilson karena :</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Lebih sederhana</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Konsepnya secara langsung
berhubungan dengan prinsip-prinsip kimia fisika organik yang sudah ada.</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Dapat untuk hubungan linier dan
non-linier</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Data parameter sifat kimia fisika
substituen sudah banyak tersedia dalam tabel-tabel.</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Penggunaan pendekatan model Hansch
telah banyak dapat menjelaskan hubungan struktur dan aktivitas suatu turunan
obat.</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN">2.2.3<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN">Contoh HKSA Model Hansch<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN">Hubungan Struktur dan Aktivitas Turunan Kloramfenikol<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN">Hansch dan kawan-kawan (1963), telah melakukan penelitian
hubungan struktur dan aktivitas antibakteri terhadap <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> pada turunan kloramfenikol, yang dapat
dilihat sebagai berikut.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Melalui perhitungan statistik analisis regresi non linier,
dengan bantuan komputer (misalnya dengan menggunakan program QSAR, STATGRAPHIC
atau SPSS), didapatkan persamaan hubungan perubahan struktur dan aktivitas
antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dari turunan kloramfenikol, melalui
parameter kimia fisika π dan σ, sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span lang="IN"> Dari persamaan di
atas dapat disimpulkan :</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Ada hubungan parabolik yang
bermakna antara sifat elektronik (σ) dan lipofilik (π) dari gugus R turunan
kloramfenikol dengan aktivitas antibakteri terhadap <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>.</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Kloramfenikol (R=NO2) mempunyai
aktivitas antibakteri terhadap <i>Staphylococcus
aureus</i> yang optimal.</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Untuk mendapatkan senyawa turunan
kloramfenikol baru dengan aktivitas optimal, harus diperhatikan agar substituen
R bersifat penarik elektron kuat atau nilai σ (+) relatif besar, dan mempunyai
sifat lipofilik lemah atau nilai π (+) relatif rendah.</span></div>
</div>
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